Toxic Effects of Crude Oil Combined with Oil Cleaner Simple Green on Yolk-sac Larvae and Adult Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (4 pp)

Background, Goal and Scope Cleaner CRYSTAL Simple Green (SG) was used for the cleanup of the oil spill in the Baltic Sea near Lithuania in 2001. No scientific data are available on the effects and consequences of its application for local aquatic life. The aim of this study was to determine and compare sublethal effects of a) solution SG; b) crude oil alone; c) SG in combination with oil on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss at different stages of its development in laboratory conditions.Methods Laboratory studies were performed on adult rainbow trout (4-day duration) and on yolk-sac larvae (25-day duration) evaluating their biological parameters. Concentrations of water-soluble and thin-dispersed fractions of petroleum hydrocarbons were measured using gas chromatography.Results and Discussion SG solution (0.5 mg/l) did not affect the survival of larvae and adult fish, and no significant changes were determined in respiratory parameters of the exposed larvae and adult fish. The most expressed alterations were found in morphological parameters (a decrease in the average body mass) of larvae and in haematological indices (a decrease in the leukocyte count) of adult fish at the end of the tests. Crude oil (1610 mg/l) did not affect the survival of adult fish during the 4-day exposure. An increase in larvae mortality rate (~ 36%) was recorded at the end of the tests. A significant decrease in the average body mass and heart rate of larvae as well as in gill ventilation frequency of larvae and adult fish were determined. SG combined with oil induced an increase in larval mortality  46% of individuals died at the end of the tests. No mortality was recorded in adult fish. The average body mass and heart rate of larvae were significantly decreased. Marked changes were also found in respiratory parameters (gill ventilation frequency of larvae and adult fish significantly decreased, while “coughing” rate increased). A 1-day, 2-day exposure of fish to SG combined with oil induced a significant decrease in the leukocyte count of adult fish, which was also determined at the end of the tests. The augmentation of adverse impact could be explained by the data obtained from our studies. When SG was added into dilution water with crude oil the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the mixture increased 3 ~ 4.5 times after 24 h and 96 h, respectively. Conclusions The comparative study of the effects of crude oil alone, SG and SG combined with oil showed that their toxic effects on fish differed. Oil combined with SG was found to be more toxic to fish (larvae and adults) than SG alone and oil alone. Fish at early stages of development (yolk-sac larvae) were more sensitive to the effects of the compounds studied than adults.Recommendations and Outlook To diminish the negative impact of oil spill cleanup using chemicals on aquatic ecosystems, it is recommended to carry out more comprehensive studies of their effects and after-effects in laboratory conditions using a wide scale of local aquatic organisms. The selected species of the most sensitive aquatic organisms should include those which are unable to escape the impact of combined action of oil and cleaners. Special attention should be directed to the research of effects of these pollutants on studied organisms at their most sensitive stages of life (reproduction, hatching, early stages of development), as after-effects of exposure to pollutants may be observed in future generations.     

桐油水解制备咪唑啉缓蚀剂及其量子化学研究

目的 开发原料价廉易得、能实际应用的缓蚀剂。方法 以桐油为原料,水解后得到桐油酸,然后与二乙烯三胺经过酰胺化和环化反应,生成桐油咪唑啉缓蚀剂。在模拟现场环境的条件下对所合成的桐油咪唑啉缓蚀剂进行电化学测试和高温高压性能评价。利用量子化学计算对桐油咪唑啉缓蚀剂的分子动力学进行模拟,探讨其在Fe表面的吸附作用。结果 红外光谱显示,桐油水解后可生成桐油酸,最终合成物为桐油咪唑啉。电化学测试表明,随着桐油咪唑啉缓蚀剂添加量的增大,20#测试钢片的自腐蚀电位逐渐提高,腐蚀电流降低。高温高压模拟实验显示,加入油酸咪唑啉后,腐蚀速率明显降低,由0.3181 mm/a降到了0.0392 mm/a。量子化学计算表明,桐油咪唑啉分子中的咪唑啉环会平行吸附于铁表面,形成一层缓蚀剂膜。结论 价廉易得的桐油经水解后可得桐油酸,再与二乙烯三胺经过酰胺化和环化反应最终合成了桐油咪唑啉缓蚀剂。该缓蚀剂添加量越大,对20#钢片的缓蚀效果越好,呈现出了较好的缓蚀效果,其分子结构中的咪唑环能平行吸附于铁表面,属于抑制阳极型缓蚀剂。     

纳米乳化油强化硝酸盐反硝化产气变化研究

为探究纳米乳化油原位修复硝酸盐污染地下水过程中产气对含水介质渗透性的影响,以硝酸盐为目标污染物,采用活性污泥滤液接种,分别以纳米乳化油、吐温80和司盘80为碳源开展硝酸盐降解批实验研究,探讨和评估硝酸盐降解及降解过程中的产气情况.结果显示,纳米乳化油、吐温80和司盘80均能促进硝氮的降解,在实验的100d内,共完成7个周期硝酸盐氮的有效去除,总去除率分别为79.5%、63.8%和68.8%.在硝酸盐氮降解过程中,受厌氧发酵和反硝化作用的影响,各反应体系中均有气体生成,只有活性污泥反应体系中主要产气成分是CO₂,未加碳源和分别加3种碳源的4个反应体系（都添加活性污泥和硝酸盐）中主要产气成分是CO₂、N₂.其中,添加纳米乳化油的反应体系U型管产气量最大,为47.73mL;受碳源厌氧发酵的影响,添加司盘80反应体系总产气量最大,为205.34mL.纳米乳化油反应体系次之,吐温80反应体系最小.根据三氮的变化,结合纳米乳化油反应体系理论与实际产气对比显示,在纳米乳化油强化硝酸盐反硝化过程中,18.8%纳米乳化油厌氧发酵产生CO₂,95.4%硝氮反硝化生成N₂.     

金属波纹填料在废油处理中应用的研究

文章主要对其结构特征进行剖析,并对波纹板在油液处理过程中的作用原理进行分析。通过两种油水分离材料进行真空脱水试验,真空脱水第一次循环中,金属波纹板的脱水率为79.12%,较传统折叠丝网脱水率高21%,证明金属波纹填料对废油真空脱水有良好的效果。最后通过两种不同规格的金属波纹板填料进行真空脱水试验,证明比表面积较大的350Y波纹板填料在废油脱水中并不优于比表面积较小的250Y金属波纹板填料。     

海上石油平台溢油污染等级评估研究

石油污染被认为是对海洋环境危害较大污染物之一,文章通过分析与溢油污染程度有关的影响因素,首次构建了海上石油平台溢油污染程度评价指标体系。利用层次分析法(AHP)计算了各评价指标的权重,并以溢油量和油品特性持久性为例,分别建立了溢油量隶属度函数和油品特性的持久性隶属度子集表,最终完成了溢油污染程度的二级模糊综合评价模型。该评价模型为判断溢油污染等级提供了新方法,同时也为溢油应急决策部门采取应急措施提供一定的技术支持。     

几种吸附材料在含油废水处理中的应用

含油废水的来源广泛、成分复杂且对环境危害严重,吸附法是处理含油废水常用的方法,吸附剂性能的优劣对处理含油废水有至关重要的影响。介绍几种典型的吸附材料包括活性炭、高吸油树脂、粉煤灰和膨润土;活性炭是处理含油废水最常用的吸附材料,高吸油树脂则是新型的有机吸附剂,粉煤灰来源广且价格低廉,膨润土资源丰富;几种吸附材料各有优点缺点,其特性、吸附机理、在含油废水处理中的应用也不尽相同,通过比较分析,提出了未来用于含油废水处理吸附材料的发展趋势。     

基于可分离性指数的溢油图像定量分析

鉴于许多溢油监测技术都缺少量化指标,为了评价溢油监测方法,提出一种基于数学统计模型的评价指数——可分离性指数SI,通过对TM影像的处理,验证了利用油膜光谱曲线确定溢油监测通道的可行性,评价了几种图像增强的方法,得出高斯拉伸与直方图均衡化增强处理较佳,并经过反复试验建立数学描述性评价指标。结果证明该指数能够有效评价溢油监测方法。     

船舶油污损害民事责任若干问题研究

船舶油污侵权是民事侵权行为的一种,针对该种侵权的民事赔偿责任,国际上制订了专门的国际公约,一些国家也制定了自己的有关船舶油污损害的赔偿体系。在船舶油污损害责任制度下,一个核心问题就是责任主体问题,只有明确了责任主体,才能使油污损害赔偿得以顺利进行。但是调整国际油污损害赔偿的冲突规则比较匮乏,各国国内法的规定也不尽相同,如何适用法律,各国司法实践多有不同。立足于中国现行的法律体系,首先明确了各种船舶油污损害应当适用的法律,然后依据所适用的法律具体分析责任主体的确定问题。     

改性淀粉絮凝剂处理含油废水的试验效果

通过将玉米淀粉与氢氧化钠、三氯化铝和无水碳酸钠在恒温磁力搅拌器上搅拌、加热,使得玉米淀粉改性,制得改性淀粉絮凝剂,并研究了改性淀粉絮凝剂对含油废水的处理效果.试验结果显示,在搅拌速度与时间分别为快搅速度200 r/min,快搅时间0.5 min;慢搅速度100 r/min,慢搅时间3 min的情况下,使用改性淀粉絮凝剂处理含油废水时,COD去除率为77.94%、石油类去除率为61.2%、透光率为62.7%、SS去除率为79.96%;最佳反应条件为:投药量为12 mg/L、温度为5~30℃、pH值为6-8.     

Decolorization of molasses melanoidins and palm oil mill effluent phenolic compounds by fermentative lactic acid bacteria

Lactobacillus plantarum SF5.6 is one of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that has the highest ability of molasses melanoidin (MM) decolorization among the 2114 strains of LAB. The strains were isolated from spoilage, pickle fruit and vegetable, soil and sludge from the wastewater treatment system by using technical step of enrichment, primary screening and secondary screening. This LAB strain SF5.6 was identified by 16S rDNA analysis and carbohydrate fermentation (API 50 CH). The top five LAB strains having high MM decolorization ( 55%), namely TBSF5.8-1, TBSF2.1-1, TBSF2.1, FF4A and SF5.6 were selected to determine the optimal condition. It was found that the temperature at 30°C under facultative conditions in GPY-MM medium (0.5% glucose, 0.1% peptone, 0.1% yeast extract, 0.1% sodium acetate, 0.05% MgSO4 and 0.005% MnCl2 in MM solution at pH 6) giving a high microbial growth and MM decolorization for all five strains. It was noticed that the decolorization of MM by LAB strains might be cell growth associated. L. plantarum SF5.6 grew rapidly within one day while the other strains took 2–3 days. This L. plantarum SF5.6 could rapidly decolorize MM to 60.91% without any lag phase, and it also had the ability to remove 34.00% phenolic compounds and 15.88% color from treated palm oil mill effluent.