Vertical infiltration of fuel oil hydrocarbons in an agricultural soil

The influence of rainfall, air temperature and soil moisture on the vertical mobility in the soil of fuel oil hydrocarbons (HC) was investigated in a field experiment. A controlled spreading of fuel oil (nC10‐nC25) was performed at a rate of 5 L HCm^‐2 on an agricultural soil in summer and in winter. Concentration, chemical composition of HC and soil moisture were regularly determined at different soil depths between 0 and 140 cm, 1 h, 3, 8and 15 days (d) after the spreading of oil. Sorption of hydrocarbons onto the organo‐mineral matrix of the soil was studied in laboratory experiments. The results showed that in summer, with an air temperature of 24°C and without water leaching in the soil profile, 65% of the initial HC remained trapped in the 0–140 cm soil layer, about 20% of the HC volatilized and around 15% migrated deeper. A vertical selective migration of the lightest (nC10‐nC15) HC (naphthas) was shown lSd after the spreading of fuel oil. Naphthas progressively reached the 120–140 cm soil layers whereas the heavy fractions of oil (nC17‐nC25) migrated and concentrated in the 0–60 cm soil layers. In winter, when soil was regularly watered by rainfalls and at low air temperatures, only 47% of the initial HC remained in the 0–140 cm profile after 15 d. A fast vertical infiltration of naphthas occurred within the first 3 d. After 15 d, all HC were detected in the same relative amounts as in the initial oil in the whole profile. Volatilization was negligible in winter and an increase in the migration of total oil at depth in the soil profile was shown. As inferred from the laboratory experiments, the high soil moisture led to the decrease in HC sorption on the organo‐mineral matter of the soil.     

Analyses of phenolic compounds occurring in olive oil mill wastewaters by GC–MS

Phenolic compounds in olive oil mill wastewaters were analysed by HRGC–MS after extracting the acidified solution with ethyl acetate and derivatization with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide. Both simple and complex phenols were detected with the latter being the most abundant. 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol), p-hydroxyphenyl ethanol (tyrosol), 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl ethanol (hydroxytyrosol) and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl ethanol (homovanillyl alcohol) predominated among the simple phenols using a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass selective detector.     

特低渗透油层含油污水处理工艺新技术

针对大庆油田低渗透油层水处理工艺存在的问题,设计了金刚砂过滤工艺。进行过滤效果及现场应用稳定性试验,通过工艺的调整及参数的优化,使其出水指标稳定,确定其最佳滤速、反洗再生、级配等运行工艺参数。并对其技术、经济性评价分析,确定为适合油田的精细过滤技术。     

二氧化钛改性油页岩渣对水溶液中亚甲基蓝和六价铬的吸附

以油页岩渣及其二氧化钛改性材料为吸附剂,探究它们去除水溶液中亚甲基蓝和六价铬的能力.通过实验,控制溶液的pH值、温度、初始浓度和接触时间,观察吸附效果变化特征,研究其动力学和热力学性能.实验表明,改性油页岩渣吸附亚甲基蓝和六价铬的吸附率是未改性的2—3倍,且改性油页岩渣对亚甲基蓝的吸附率可达97%,对六价铬的吸附率不到25%.吸附亚甲基蓝时,pH值越大,吸附效果越好;而吸附六价铬时,最适pH值为4.改性油页岩渣吸附亚甲基蓝实验符合准二阶动力学方程,计算得反应活化能为13.29 kJ.mol-1,表明此过程主要是物理吸附.在热力学方面,由范特霍夫方程计算得ΔG〈0、ΔH〉0,表明此过程自发吸热,可见此过程还伴有化学吸附.Langmuir和Freundlich等温模型拟合结果表明,Langmuir模型数据拟合甚佳,R2=0.9999,说明改性油页岩渣吸附亚甲基蓝是单分子层吸附.二氧化钛改性油页岩渣经7次回收利用后,对亚甲基蓝的吸附效果仅减少约1.5%.     

微咸水膜下滴灌对白僵土盐碱地水盐特性及油葵生长的影响

为了解滴灌条件下不同微咸水矿化度及覆膜与否对盐碱地土壤水盐特性及油葵生长的影响,在宁夏平罗西大滩盐碱地进行不同灌水矿化度(0.2、1、2、3 g/L)膜下滴灌田间试验.结果表明,地膜覆盖比不覆盖处理土壤含水量高约2%,盐分表聚减缓,油葵株高、产量及其构成均高于不覆膜处理,产量最高增幅达82.5%;不同矿化度微咸水之间比较发现,利用矿化度为1 g/L的微咸水进行灌溉时,下层土壤含水量较高,微咸水滴灌不但没有为上层土壤带去过多盐分,反而由于土壤有一定的渗透性能,灌水将土壤上层盐分逐渐淋洗至下层.膜下滴灌微咸水矿化度为1 g/L时,油葵产量最大.因此在适宜条件、合理措施下,微咸水覆膜滴灌技术可以促进作物生长,确保作物产量,在淡水缺乏而微咸水较为丰富的盐碱地地区应积极推广利用.     

外部安防系统在海洋石油固定平台中的应用

为了弥补传统的海洋石油固定平台内部安防系统的不足,达到海洋石油固定平台全天候自动监测、自动报警、无人值守、主动防御、预防为主的目的,以便提早发现灾害或事故的苗头,提供及时报警,并采取适当的预防措施。根据主动防御、准确测报、防范未然和规避事故的原则方针,按区域警戒与要地防范相结合的方法,介绍了外部安防系统在海洋石油固定平台中的应用,包括六个子系统、工作流程、各个子系统在海洋石油固定平台中的应用以及特点和价值,从监控、应急、监管等多角度出发,实现了一体化的安全监控。     

基于鱼骨图和层次分析法的石油静电事故影响因素分析

针对石油静电事故影响因素的复杂性、多层次性和不确定性的特点,采用鱼骨图分析法,找出了引发石油静电事故的影响因素,确定出6个主因素、25个子因素的石油静电事故评价指标体系。应用层次分析法确定了各个影响因素的重要程度,分析出导致石油静电事故的重要因素。结果表明,6个主因素中,隶属于生产操作工艺和安全生产管理的操作错误、人体静电和接地故障3个主因素权重之和高达0.792,是引发石油静电事故的主导因素;子因素中预防的重点应放在喷溅式装卸油、化纤品与人体摩擦和接地线损坏方面。鱼骨图分析法和层次分析法的联合应用,合理地解决了石油静电事故影响因素分析难题,具有一定的推广应用价值。     

Combined use of earthworm (Alma millsoni) and bacterium (Bacillus sp.) improved the bioremediation of spent engine oil contaminated soil

This study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of the combined use of earthworm (Alma millsoni) and bacterium (Bacillus sp.) in the bioremediation of spent engine oil (SEO) contaminated soils. A. millisoni were collected from the Botanical Garden of University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The stock culture of hydrocarbonoclastic Bacillus sp. was used for the bioremediation study. A set-up of eight pots containing 1000?g soil sample and 20?g of cow dung were mixed with 100, 75, 50 and 0?mL SEO respectively. Each of the set up was subjected to bioremediation agents; A. millisoni alone, Bacillus sp alone, A. millisoni and Bacillus sp, no treatment (control) in duplicate. Treatment of 100?ml SEO contaminated soil with combined A. millisoni and Bacillus sp resulted in significantly (P? bacterium > vermi-remediating agents. Earthworms exposed to 100?mLSEO-contaminated soil had higher CAT, SOD, and GPx activities compared to the control. Findings indicated that A. millisoni with Bacillus sp. can synergistically improve bioremediation of SEO contaminated soils.     

TDS对制备纳米乳化油稳定性影响的实验研究

为有效评估地下水中溶解组分对制备纳米乳化油的潜在影响,通过人工模拟配制天然地下水开展地下水TDS对制备纳米乳化油稳定性影响的批实验研究.分别采用动态光散和多重光散技术表征TDS影响下纳米乳化油粒径、背散射光通量、光子自由程以及峰厚度等指标的动态变化,以此来反映TDS对制备纳米乳化油稳定性的影响.结果显示:在TDS浓度为300、500和1000 mg·L^-1 的情况下,TDS对纳米乳化油稳定性起到正向作用.反映纳米乳化油整体稳定性的TSI随TDS增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势,相较于空白样稳定性分别提高了68.1%、55.6%和14.3%,其中300 mg·L^-1 的样品稳定性最好.依据局部TSI、背散射光强度、峰厚度和光子自由程的变化进行局部稳定性分析,识别出纳米乳化油的不稳定性主要受顶部不稳区和底部不稳区的影响.纳米乳化油顶部不稳区的不稳定性主要影响因素为液滴上浮、聚并,具体表现为体积分数增大,液滴粒径增大;而底部不稳区受上浮影响引起的纳米乳化油体积分数减小是其不稳的主要原因.进一步分析表明,TDS降低了纳米乳化油的布朗运动速率.相比于空白样,实验设计的TDS(300、500和1000 mg·L^-1)对纳米乳化油的上浮现象和液滴的聚并现象起抑制作用,并随浓度增大逐渐减弱. 300 mg·L^-1的样品对两种不稳定因素分别减轻了88%和87.7%.因此,适宜的地下水TDS可以减弱布朗运动,降低上浮现象和聚并现象,从而对纳米乳化油的稳定性起正向作用,有利于纳米乳化油在多孔介质中的迁移.     

油气管道周边挖掘前咨询系统建设探讨

为了解决油气管道周边挖掘施工过程中频繁发生管道失效的问题,探索能够联系有关施工相关方的挖掘前咨询渠道和方式,通过问题分析,明确施工方、管道企业、施工管理部门等相关方对挖掘前咨询的功能需求,基于已经建成的油气管道地图系统,分析了咨询平台、咨询流程、咨询信息等内容,提出了挖掘前咨询实现方式以及挖掘前咨询系统的整体架构和运行方式,并进行了实例应用。结果表明:该系统实现了油气管道周边挖掘前咨询功能,有助于建立联系施工相关方的管道保护机制。