有毒液体泄漏渗流污染后果分析

有毒液体泄漏后,沿地表扩散的同时亦会发生渗流现象.有毒液体渗流会直接或间接地对土壤和地下水及周边环境造成一定的污染,甚至会对人体造成很大危害,导致中毒等重大事故的发生.为分析泄漏后毒物的浓度在时间和空间上的变化规律,建立了二维渗流方程,开发了二维渗流事故后果分析软件.分析结果表明,在假设前提下,毒物泄漏后发生渗流时,毒物浓度沿二维渗流平面呈椭圆形向四周扩散,泄漏点的浓度随泄漏时间的推移而逐渐降低,此结论对于有毒液体泄漏的预防与控制具有重要的意义.     

三种液体稳定剂对过氧乙酸稳定效果的实验研究

利用绝热加速量热仪对三种过氧乙酸液体稳定剂的稳定效果进行了实验分析,并与常规实验方法获得的结论进行了比较。绝热条件下加入三种液体稳定剂后,初始分解温度分别提高了1.85℃、17.52℃和14.73℃,绝热温升分别升高了3.77℃、降低了12.56℃和17.88℃,到达最大温升速率的时间分别延长了508.93min、319.92min和247.92min,稳定效果为磷酸乙酸丁酯磷酸三丁酯,对过氧乙酸的安全生产、储存和使用具有一定指导意义。     

利用Matlab模拟多烟团模式计算危险液体泄漏的研究

关于危险性液体泄漏扩散模型有许多,但是目前常用的主要是比较成熟的高斯模型.在<环境风险评价技术导则>推荐采用的多烟团模式基础上,利用Matlab的可视化界面对变天情况下的多烟团模式模拟某乙醇厂乙醇泄漏,其结果与高斯烟团理论一致.利用该软件,连续输入实际天气情况值,可实时追踪危险性液体在时空中的变化,为环境风险评价管理、风险工程设计、风险责任保险等领域及应急计划制定、事故抢险工作实施提供有效的工具.     

ASsessment Of Alcohol Ethoxylate Surfactants And Fatty Alcohols Mixtures In River Sediments And Prospective Risk Assessment

A feasible and relatively readily available analytical method was adapted for the assessment of alcohol ethoxylates (AE) and fatty alcohols (FA) in sediments. This study illustrates the simultaneous measurement of 38 of 114 possible alcohol ethoxylate ethoxymers (AE) and fatty alcohols (FA) found in commercially important AE products. We predicted toxicity for all identified fractions, as well as the total mixture toxicity, relative to three exposure scenarios via sewage treatment plants (STP) for these widely used chemicals in consumer products and hence generate a preliminary environmental risk screening for AE and FA in sediments. The method is based on derivatization of solvent or solid-phase extracts with 2-fluoro-N-methylpyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (Pyr+). The derivatized extracts were analyzed with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) operating in the positive ion electrospray mode. The extraction efficiency of AE and FA in three different sediments of varying composition was evaluated with spike-recovery studies, ranging from 64% to 80%. The detection limits for individual ethoxymers typically ranged from 1 to 5ngg⁻¹on a dry weight basis. The mean limit of detection (LOD) was 6ngg⁻¹and the median LOD was 3ngg⁻¹. AE and FA in sediments were found to be stable for two weeks if preserved with 3% (v/v) formalin and stored at 4–6^∘C. Based on equilibrium partitioning, background concentrations of AE and FA were predicted to be below concentrations known to elicit chronically toxic effects. Total worst case mixture toxicities for all AE ethoxymers combined with FA were predicted to result in a risk quotient less than 0.6. Activated sludge treatment (STP) significantly reduced the release of total AE and FA by four-fold, suggesting that the total mixture risk quotient would be < 0.15 for sediment dependent organisms.     

催化快速测定法测定高氯高浓度有机废液的化学需氧量

化学化工等行业产生大量含无机盐的高浓度难降解有机废水,介绍了氯离子浓度和有机物浓度都大大超过测定范围的有机废水COD的测定方法。该方法当氯离子的浓度在20000～60000mg/L时,相对误差在0.15%～5.8%之间;并有较高的精密度,6次平行测定的结果相对标准差<2%;加标回收率为99%～101%;与标准方法相比不存在显著性差异。     

核退役过程中尿氚的测量和氚生物半衰期的研究

用蒸馏和液体闪烁计数法测量了中国工程物理研究院核物理与化学研究所原工作地点核退役过程中直接接触氚和间接接触氚工作人员的尿样,氚浓度在102～105Bq／L,最大氚浓度为2.7×105Bq／L,折合剂量当量约为0.19mSv。短期观测了23名氚生物半衰期,其范围为5.5～14.8d,平均值9.1d;中期观测了5名氚生物半衰期,其范围为7.6～9.4d,平均值为8.5d。观测的共28名工作人员氚生物半衰期与理论值10d接触,并且与国内外的观测值符合。     

液/液界面电化学法在环境监测中的应用进展

介绍了液／液界面电化学的原理、实验方法和研究进展,综述了液／液界面离子转移反应基础上的电化学分析方法在环境监测中的应用。作为一种新方法测定离子载体及能与其形成络合物的金属离子组分的浓度,它具有简便、快捷、经济实用等特点。     

ANALYSIS OF HYDRILLA-INHIBITING FRACTIONS IN NATURAL WATERS: THE CONCEPT OF “FINGERPRINTING” THROUGH LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY1

ABSTRACT: High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been used to identify a fraction of aqueous sediment extract from Lake Starvation, Hillsborough County, Florida, that is responsible for inhibition of hydrilla growth. The fraction was separated on a Zorbax? C₁₈ preparative-scale column. The present study examines various lake sediment extracts and river water samples to determine the presence or absence of the inhibitor peak. The biologically active component is absent in certain rivers where hydrilla is prominent, but it is present in extracts of Lake Starvation and White Trout Lake sediments that are known to have hydrilla growth inhibiting properties. The implications of “fingerprinting” natural waters for hydrilla inhibitor through liquid chromatography are considered.     

氨氮标准溶液和纳氏试剂保存期的实验

本文探讨了不同浓度的氨氮标准溶液和纳氏试剂的保存期以及上述两种溶液化学性质稳定性的机理.该文对基层监测站在实际工作有一定的意义.     

液液萃取/气相色谱法测定环境水样中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物

建立了液液萃取-气相色谱法测定环境水样中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的方法。该方法能有效分离8种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物。标准曲线线性回归相关系数均大于0．9999，最小检测量可达10^-11g，相对标准偏差为0．47％～1．83％。加标回收率为73．5％～114．6％。