A COMPARISON OF TRANSFORMATION METHODS FOR FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT: The SMEMAX transformation, its modified versions and power transformation were applied to 55 long-term records of annual maximum flood flows tested previously for independence, homogeneity and completeness. Even though SMEMAX transformation reduced the coefficient of skewness to near zero for flood data, their distribution was not a true normal distribution. In almost all cases, the coefficient of kurtosis was quite different from 3.0 of the normal distribution. Empirical criteria showed that SMEMAX transformation performed well only for 40 (70 percent) of the 55 stations tested. Its performance level dropped, especially for stations which had both the coefficient of skewness and kurtosis greater than 3.0 and 10.0, respectively. Power transformation was generally better in transforming the flood data to a normal distribution. It performed well for 50 (90 percent) of the 55 stations tested. The coefficient of skewness in case of the data transformed by power transformation was much closer to the zero value than in the case of SMEMAX transformed series. The SMEMAX transformation and its two modified versions yielded identical results when flood frequency analysis was performed. Computationally, all three methods were equally simple and easy to apply for flood frequency analysis. In some cases, the coefficient of kurtosis for the transformed distributions obtained both by SMEMAX and power transformations deviated farther from that for the normal distribution than for the parent distribution.     

关于中国农村剩余劳动力数量的估计

本文结合中国农业生产实际，运用农业技术需求法估算了相关年份第一产业劳动力投入量，在此基础上结合第5次人口普查和第一次农业普查资料，估算了中国农村劳动力二、三产业就业量及剩余劳动力数量，并据此提出了相关政策建议。     

Determination of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after molecularly imprinted polymer extraction

A solid phase extraction procedure (SPE) is described for the quantitative analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric particulate matter (PM), as ubiquitous environmental pollutants routinely measured in air quality monitoring. A SPE cartridge was used based on a molecular imprinted polymer (MIP-SPE) properly tailored for selective retention of PAHs with 4 and more benzene fused rings. The performance of the clean-up procedure was evaluated with the specific concern of selective purification towards saturated hydrocarbons, which are the PM components mostly interfering GC analysis of target PAHs. Under optimized operative conditions, the MIP-SPE provided analyte recovery close to 95% for heavier PAHs, from benzo(α)pyrene to benzo(ghi)perylene, and close to 90% for four benzene rings PAHs, with good reproducibility (RSDs: 2.5%-5.9%). Otherwise, C₁₇-C₃₂ n-alkanes were nearly completely removed. The proposed method was critically compared with Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) using a polyacrylate fiber. Both methods were successfully applied to the analysis of ambient PM_2.5 samples collected at an urban polluted site. Between the two procedures, the MIP-SPE provided the highest recovery (R% ≥ 93%) for PAHs with 5 and more benzene rings, but lower for lighter PAHs. In contrast, SPME showed a mean acceptable R% value (∼ 80%) for all the investigated PAHs, except for the heaviest PAHs in the most polluted samples (R%: 110%-138%), suggesting an incomplete purification from the interfering n-hydrocarbons.     

洱海沉积物重金属地球化学相及其污染历史研究

高原封闭、半封闭型湖泊是气候和环境演化的敏感指示器，其沉积物记录具有连续性、敏感性和高分辨率的特点。高原湖泊沉积记录在恢复和重塑各种短时间尺度（千年、百年、十年）的气候和环境演化序列上，具有其它自然历史记录无法替代的优势，尤其在揭示近代环境污染历史方面更有其独到之处。本文通过对洱海沉积物重金属地球化学相的研究，利用因子分析方法，识别了沉积物重金属的主要来源和影响其分布的主要因素，即：流域侵蚀作用、大气沉降作用、工业废水与生活污水的排放，以及早期成岩作用。同时，结合沉积物柱芯210PBex计年结果，本文初步评价了洱海150多年来的重金属污染历史：1958年以来．因为化石燃料使用量的增加．洱海湖区大气污染日趋严重；1982年后，由于西洱河水电站的建成运行和湖区植被的破坏，流域侵蚀作用显著加强，应当引起重视。     

Numerical simulation of stratified turbulent two phase flow in aquatic environment

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岩溶裂隙含水层中石油类污染物的迁移与水力截获

对淄博市岩溶地下水遭受石油类污染的研究结果表明，在石灰岩含水层中，岩溶裂隙的发育对石油类污染物侵入地下水的运移过程具有控制作用，石油类污染物沿岩溶裂隙通道运移，在通道延伸的深部可以有高于浅层的检出，水力截获方法去除地下水中石油类污染物是有效的，但水力截获孔的位置应就近污染物集中检出带布置，尽量远离水源地，并正常运行。     

环境水样中邻苯二甲酸二辛酯GC测定固相萃取条件优化研究

借助于均匀设计法合理安排试验,再应用计算机回归技术进行C18柱固相萃取条件的设计和优化研究,建立相关的数学模型,找出了各因素对回收率的影响规律。成功地确定(正己烷:丙酮)配比17∶1、洗脱体积2.0m l、洗脱速率6.0m l.m in-1、上样速率9.0m l.m in-1为优化的萃取条件,此时得到DEHP和DnOP的回收率分别为91.98%、107.3%。     

基于指标规范变换的广义环境系统评价的普适指数公式

为了建立适用于广义环境系统评价的普适指数公式，针对传统的环境评价指数公式不具有普适、规范和通用的局限，提出适用于广义环境系统任意指标的参照值和规范变换式的设计原则和方法；该变换要求变换后的任意指标的各分级标准规范值都能被限定在各自的较小区间内，从而用规范值表示的任意指标皆"等效"于同一个规范指标；再分别用不同限定区间内生成的随机数模拟任意指标的不同分级标准的规范值，不同区间内生成的所有随机数组成不同分级标准的全部训练（学习）样本，借助免疫进化算法优化不同评价指数公式中的参数，得到适用于广义环境系统评价的9个（广义）普适指数公式，并论证了公式的可靠性.分别将9个普适指数公式用于北京市朝阳区19个监测井的9项指标的地下水水质的综合评价，以及用于郑州、西安、上海三市2000年可持续发展评价.结果表明：9个普适指数公式用于同一监测井水质的评价结果几乎完全相同，也与传统评价方法的评价结果基本一致；用于郑州、西安、上海三市可持续发展评价的结果分别是3级、3级、2级，比传统评价法更符合实际情况.9个普适指数公式使广义环境系统的评价变得简洁、规范、统一和通用；基于指标规范变换的评价指数公式的建模思想和方法对建立广义环境系统的普适智能评价模型有借鉴作用.     

激光相变硬化提高模具寿命的探讨

介绍了激光相变硬化的原理 ,并分析其提高模具寿命的针对性 ,进而讨论了激光相变硬化提高模具寿命的机理