山东半岛城市群城市就业结构变动特征分析

通过对山东半岛城市群就业结构的分析,揭示出山东省城市就业结构的一般规律。从对城市群各城市的分析来看,第一产业的就业人员占据较大比重,城市化水平较低。第二产业的从业人员比重较稳定,第三产业的就业比重总体上升,但其中的传统性行业的就业比重趋于下降而新兴行业比重提高。     

Adaptive Management of Nonnative Species: Moving Beyond the “Either-Or” Through Experimental Pluralism

This paper develops the outlines of a pragmatic, adaptive management-based approach toward the control of invasive nonnative species (INS) through a case study of Kings Bay/Crystal River, a large artesian springs ecosystem that is one of Florida’s most important habitats for endangered West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus). Building upon recent critiques of invasion biology, principles of adaptive management, and our own interview and participant–observer research, we argue that this case study represents an example in which rigid application of invasion biology’s a␣priori imperative to minimize INS has produced counterproductive results from both an ecological and social standpoint. As such, we recommend that INS control in Kings Bay should be relaxed in conjunction with an overall program of adaptive ecosystem management that includes meaningful participation and input from non-institutional stakeholders. However, we also note that adaptive management and INS control are by no means mutually exclusive, in Kings Bay or elsewhere. Instead, we suggest that adaptive management offers a means by which INS control efforts can emerge from—and be evaluated through—ongoing scientific research and participatory dialogue about the condition of specific places, rather than non-contextual assumptions about the harmfulness of INS as a general class.     

Removal of carotene-like colored compounds by liquid-liquid extraction during polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons analysis of plant tissue

Plants contain a wide variety of chemicals, some of which may have similar chromatographic behavior to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). During solid phase extraction (SPE) with Si-gel for instance, the co-elution of carotene-like colored compounds with PAHs has been observed. In this paper, liquid–liquid extraction was applied for the separation and subsequent analysis of PAHs from plant extracts. PAHs containing 2–6 rings, which include naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[ghi]perylene, were used as representative target chemicals. Carotene-like compounds extracted from Komatsuna (Brassica campestris) shoot by acetone followed by Si-gel treatment were incorporated as undesired components in the model matrix. Results showed the feasibility of employing either acetonitrile or 2% (w/v) KOH–methanol as solvents for high PAHs recovery and low extraction of colored fraction. For acetonitrile, 86.9–93.5% of each PAH could be recovered after three extraction cycles (relative standard deviation, RSD < 1.6%) with only about 10% co-extraction of colored fraction. For 2% KOH–methanol, PAHs recoveries ranging from 79.3% to 83.1% after five cycles (RSD < 1.5%) were achieved while the percent extraction of colored fraction was also low at 10%. The relatively higher selectivity of the solvents for PAHs over the colored fraction as well as the solubility of the matrix solution in the solvent may have contributed to these results. On this basis, liquid–liquid extraction is very useful for the pre-treatment of plant extracts for PAHs analysis.     

Biodegradation of mono-alkyl phthalate esters in natural sediments

Mono-alkyl phthalate esters (MPEs) are primary metabolites of di-alkyl phthalate esters (DPEs), a family of industrial chemicals widely used in the production of soft polyvinyl chloride and a large range of other products. To better understand the long term fate of DPEs in the environment, we measured the biodegradation kinetics of eight MPEs (-ethyl, -n-butyl, -benzyl, -i-hexyl, -2-ethyl-hexyl, -n-octyl, -i-nonyl, and -i-decyl monoesters) in marine and freshwater sediments collected from three locations in the Greater Vancouver area. After a lag period in which no apparent biodegradation occurred, all MPEs tested showed degradation rates in both marine and freshwater sediments at 22 °C with half-lives ranging between 16 and 39 h. Half-lives increased approximately 8-fold in incubations performed at 5 °C. Biodegradation rates did not differ between marine and freshwater sediments. Half-lives did not show a relationship with increasing alkyl chain length. We conclude that MPEs can be quickly degraded in natural sediments and that the similarity in MPE degradation kinetics among sediment types suggests a wide occurrence of nonspecific esterases in microorganisms from various locations, as has been reported previously.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:
Rutherford H., Platt et al. Disasters and Democracy: The Politics of Extreme Natural Events
S., Suri Orissa Disaster: Agony of the Living     

The Accuracy of Mortality Reporting in Displaced Persons Camps During the Post-emergency Phase

For humanitarian organisations, accurate data are essential to identify emerging health problems and determine programme needs. We visited 45 post-emergency phase displaced persons camps and collected three months' mortality data which we compared with organisations' routine mortality reports. Organisations reported 612 deaths and we identified 741 deaths, for a mortality-reporting ratio, defined as the number of organisation-reported deaths divided by the number of investigator-identified deaths, of 83 per cent. For the majority of camps which under-reported deaths, mortality reporting ratios were significantly higher for women than men, and for camps with central mortality registers rather than those without. In the few camps which over-reported deaths, these occurred primarily among children younger than five years of age, probably due to the inclusion of abortions and stillbirths. Despite the overall under-reporting of deaths by humanitarian organisations, the existing health information systems appear to estimate mortality rates adequately in these post-emergency camps. However, organisations should improve the precision and completeness with which they report the characteristics of deaths in order to provide valuable data to target their programmes at the most vulnerable people.     

Analysis of a gas-phase partitioning tracer test conducted in an unsaturated fractured-clay formation

The gas-phase partitioning tracer method was used to estimate non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL), water, and air saturations in the vadose zone at a chlorinated-solvent contaminated field site in Tucson, AZ. The tracer test was conducted in a fractured-clay system that is the confining layer for the underlying regional aquifer. Three suites of three tracers were injected into wells located 14, 24, and 24 m from a single, central extraction well. The tracers comprised noble gases (traditionally thought to be nonsorbing), alkanes (primarily water partitioning), perfluorides (primarily NAPL partitioning), and halons (both NAPL and water partitioning). Observations of vacuum response were consistent with flow in a fractured system. The halon tracers exhibited the greatest amount of retardation, and helium and the perfluoride tracers the least. The alkane tracers were unexpectedly more retarded than the perfluoride tracers, indicating low NAPL saturations and high water saturations. An NAPL saturation of 0.01, water saturation of 0.215, and gas saturation of 0.775 was estimated based on analysis of the suite of tracers comprising helium, perfluoromethylcyclohexane and dibromodifluoromethane, which was considered to be the most robust set. The estimated saturations compare reasonably well to independently determined values.     

北京夏末秋初大气细粒子中水溶性盐连续在线观测研究

利用大气细颗粒物快速捕集分析系统和微量天平方法实时、在线分析了北京夏末秋初PM2.5中水溶性无机盐和PM2.5质量浓度的变化,并结合气象资料和部分前体物SO2、NOx监测数据进行了相关分析.结果表明,北京夏末秋初空气质量良好时,PM2.5日平均浓度为61,0±30.6μg·m-3,其中水溶性无机盐占PM2.5的40%～56%,(亚)硝酸盐、硫酸盐、铵盐是水溶性无机盐中的主要成分,占所测水溶性组分的80%以上.SO2向硫酸盐的转化率高于NOx向(亚)硝酸盐的转化率.亚硝酸盐浓度受气象要素和大气化学过程影响,白天亚硝酸盐有向硝酸盐转化的趋势.     

固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定水中痕量有机氯农药

建立了固相微萃取-气相色谱联用快速测定水中14种痕量有机氯农药的方法,对比研究了浸入式直接固相微萃取与顶空固相微萃取两种方式对不同有机氯农药的富集效率,优化了试验条件.方法线性关系良好,检出限为0.1 ng/L～10 ng/L,定量下限为0.2 ng/L～40 ng/L,RSD＜8%,实际水样的加标回收率为67.0%～133%.     

水中微量弱极性内分泌干扰物测定方法的研究

使用ENVITM Chrom P固相萃取小柱、双(三甲基硅烷基)三氟乙酰胺(BSTFA)衍生剂及气质联机,系统研究了水中弱极性内分泌干扰物(EDCs)的测定方法.通过正交试验,得到最佳固相萃取条件为:水样流速5 mL/min,洗脱剂为二氯甲烷,洗脱速率0.5 mL/min,洗脱剂体积6 mL.最佳衍生化条件为:BSTFA 100 μL,60 ℃,反应时间30 min.结果表明,双酚A、五氯酚、2,4-二氯苯酚、4-壬基酚、雌二醇、雌三醇、雌酮、炔雌二醇的回收率在82.4%～101.9%,检出限为0.01～0.06 μg/L.