淮北平原“四水”转化模型实验研究与应用

论文基于野外实验,采用五道沟实验站和杨楼实验区1965-2007年长系列资料,考虑土壤水垂向运动和再分布、冠层截留、蒸发、填洼、大孔隙、潜水排出补给地表水等要素,采用野外实验数据逐步细化和确定参数,提出淮北平原集总式“四水”转化模型,并提出一种新的冠层截留量年内分布确定方法。模型物理意义明确,对资料的要求较低,实用性较强。模型在杨楼流域应用结果表明,模拟流量过程线精度较高,在潜水位变动过线的拟合上效果较优,在径流过程和土壤含水量的拟合上表现较好。通过模型逐年计算统计,得出杨楼实验流域1991-2007年逐年及多年平均“四水”转化定量关系,为该区水文预报和作物水利用提供技术依据。     

液相色谱-电喷雾质谱法测定污水和污泥中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的参数优化

在液相色谱-电喷雾质谱法测定壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的过程中,对壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚加合离子的形成影响因素进行分析,优化了关键参数,建立了测定污水和污泥中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的高分辨高灵敏的液相色谱-电喷雾质谱方法.流动相A为0.1mmol·l~(-1)乙酸钠缓冲液,流动相B为甲醇,各聚合度壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的加合离子响应值达到最大;锥孔电压没为60V能最大程度上避免[NPnEO+2Na]~(2+)对测定的干扰.NP1EO,NP2EO和NPnEOs(n=3-15)的仪器检出限分别为10pg,1pg和0.1pg.该方法成功用于污水和污泥中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的测定.     

Modelling of the relationship moisture content to nutrient transformation rate in river sediments

The modelling of the transformation processes in the river sediments is an important and still not investigated problem that is a key for water quality. The relation between nutrients transformation rate and moisture in sediments was investigated by means of analogous modelling. The mathematical dependences of the connection were derived, and only two of them were linear—at the early stage of COD (organic) change and at the late stage of transformation of phosphates that metabolically connected the biodegradation of organics with oxidative phosphorylation. The rest mathematical dependences were the polynomials of third order. This study confirmed that the leading factors which influence the transformation rate of nutrients are the sediment surface, particular organic matter and porosity of the medium, as well as the concentration on the sediment surface of micro-organisms, enzymes, co-metabolites, etc. The presented data from ecological modelling of the transformation processes in the parafluvial sediments showed how can the hydrological models be enlarged and enriched in their application to the key and critical (risk) fluctuations in the river functioning. The mathematical dependences and coefficients were extracted in our complex study to be included in HSPF model as an enlarged module. As far as the investigated transformation processes in the parafluvial have more universal significance, the results can be applied in the other models, bounded river water and sediment quality.     

Field experiment on biological contact oxidation process to treat polluted river water in the Dianchi Lake watershed

In this study two types of biological contact oxidation processes (BCOP), a step-feed (SBCOP) unit and an inter-recycle (IBCOP) unit, were designed to investigate the treatment of heavily polluted river water. The Daqing River, which is the largest pollutant contributor to the Dianchi Lake, one of the most eutrophic freshwater lakes in China, was taken for the case study. It was found that the SBCOP had higher adaptability and better performance in the reduction of COD, TN, and TP, which made it applicable for the treatment of polluted river water entering the Dianchi Lake. Nitrification rate was observed to be greatly affected by the influent temperature. During each season, the nitrification in the SBCOP was higher than that in the IBCOP. TN removal efficiency in the SBCOP was higher than that in the IBCOP during the winter and spring but poorer during the summer, possibly due to the inhibition of denitrification by higher dissolved oxygen level in the summer. Moreover, symbiotic algaebacteria growth may be conducive to the removal of pollutants.     

火灾中聚合物材料热解对汽油辨识的影响分析

火灾中聚合物材料的燃烧过程产生的热解产物,从而增加化学分析谱图的复杂性,对助燃剂鉴定造成干扰。针对常见的聚合物材料开展了一系列燃烧实验,对其在燃烧过程中的热解机理进行了分析,并通过汽油存在条件下的聚合物材料燃烧实验分析了热解对汽油辨识产生的干扰。     

气溶胶采样头在无人机上安装位置的模拟

利用流体力学软件CFD对固定翼无人机在海拔1000m高处以30m/s速度飞行时采样头的最佳安装位置进行了模拟.首先利用ICEM CFD前处理软件对无人机模型进行了网格划分;然后利用FLUENT软件及其中的DPM模型先后对气相(连续相)和颗粒相(离散相)分别进行了数值模拟,最后用DPM模型模拟了从速度入口方向以30m/s速度释放粒径为1,2.5,10μm的颗粒物,由颗粒物的轨迹图得到了颗粒物在机身周围的阴影区和密集区厚度.得到主要结论如下:对于本研究中的无人机,在海拔1000m高处,采集PM1,PM2.5,PM10时的气溶胶采样头的最佳安装位置为机身下部距机头距离约42~75cm,采样头探头距机身下部壁面的距离分别应大于4,4,4.3cm,但不超过26cm(机身下部距地面距离).     

淮河下游连续雾-霾及转换成因分析

利用边界层探空资料、地面气象要素及污染物资料,研究了2012年6月中上旬淮河下游一次连续多日大范围雾-霾天气的雾-霾转换过程及成因.结果表明:近地面静小风为雾-霾长时间维持提供良好动力条件,边界层中低层维持的近中性层结或逆温层结创造良好热力条件,秸秆燃烧提供凝结核条件;雾和霾过程中风速下降伴随着能见度降低,风速增大则伴随着能见度升高.中度以上霾的形成和发展都伴随着空气比湿增大,霾向雾转换过程中比湿下降.比湿越大雾-霾持续时间越长,雾前比湿越高雾中最低能见度越低.能见度与SO2浓度呈正相关( Pearson相关系数为0.42)、与PM2.5和PM10浓度呈反相关(Pearson相关系数分别为-0.49和-0.56);雾-霾过程中上风向SO2、NO2浓度高于下风向2倍左右,下风向NO和PM10浓度高于上风向1.5倍左右,出现污染物转化.     

Building resilience by challenging social norms: integrating a transformative approach within the BRACED consortia

Resilience is a complex phenomenon whereby a multitude of social and environmental factors, including gender, combine to shape the ways that shocks affect people. Looking at two BRACED (Building Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Extremes and Disasters) projects, in Burkina Faso and in Ethiopia, this article uses a desk review and primary data from partners and people at risk to explore how a gender‐transformative approach can be an integral part of resilience‐building projects, particularly those implemented by multi‐stakeholder consortia. It also suggests ways to incorporate a stronger gender component in similar future projects. The article argues that donors and programme managers must provide clear principles and guidelines for achieving gender equity within resilience‐building efforts. However, these must allow flexibility to adapt to norms, needs and resources as determined by implementing partners. The right balance can be achieved by facilitating spaces for individual and collective goal‐setting; assessing current capacity and trajectories; and lesson‐sharing as an iterative process for institutional learning.     

·Cl引发3种环状含有NH结构有机化合物的大气转化机制及动力学

氯自由基(·Cl)的高氧化性及其内陆来源的新发现使得·Cl在评估有机污染物的大气归趋方面起着比以往更为重要的作用。含有NH_x(x=1,2)结构的有机化合物不仅是大气中一类潜在的有机污染物,也是大气中致癌性亚硝胺的前驱体—N中心自由基的重要来源。前人研究发现,·Cl与含有NH_x(x=1,2)结构的有机化合物具有独特的相互作用且其反应具有结构依赖性。目前,大多数研究只关注链状含有NH_x(x=1,2)结构有机化合物的反应,而对于环状含有NH结构有机化合物的反应研究却很少。本研究使用量子化学和动力学模拟相结合的方法研究·Cl引发3种环状含有NH结构有机化合物(吗啉(MOR)、哌啶(PIP)和吡咯烷(PYR))的大气转化机制及动力学。结果发现,·Cl夺取3种环状含有NH结构有机化合物中N—H的H原子形成N中心自由基是最可行的反应路径。在298 K和1 atm下,计算的反应速率常数分别为5.0!10-10(MOR)、5.1!10-10(PIP)和4.9!10-10(PYR) cm~3·molecule-1·s-1,且具有正的温度依附性。结合可获得的·OH引发反应的反应速率常数,评估·Cl对MOR和PIP转化的贡献分别为·OH的2.6%～26%和6.9%～69%。上述研究结果为将来建立·Cl引发含有NH_x(x=1,2)结构有机化合物反应的结构-活性关系、全面评估含有NH_x(x=1,2)结构有机化合物的大气归趋和环境风险提供数据支持。     

县域打通“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念转化通道的典型模式研究

“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念是习近平生态文明思想的重要组成部分,具有深刻的哲学内涵,本文利用代表“绿水青山”和“金山银山”的生态与经济指标聚类分析了中国1666个县(市、区),筛选出21个典型地区并分析了其“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念转化路径,总结提出5类典型模式。其中,以浙江省衢州市的6县(市、区)为案例,综合设计衢州市各县(市、区)的“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念转化典型模式实践方案,论证县域典型模式设计方法的适用性。对研究与实践中存在的问题,提出开展生态价值核算、出台县级层面的评价标准和规范、开展试点示范、出台经济激励与优惠政策等建议,进一步深化“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念探索实践。