北京市污水处理厂中邻苯二甲酸酯污染水平及其归趋

选取北京市3个污水处理厂为研究对象,采集进厂水、二沉出水和出厂污泥并分析其中的邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)、邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯(DOP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)浓度.进厂水水相中DMP、DEP、DBP和DEHP的平均浓度分别为0.98、0.21×102、0.27×102和0.15×102μg.L-1,而BBP和DOP均未检出.脱水污泥中检出了DBP和DEHP,平均质量浓度(以干重计)分别为0.37μg.kg-1和0.31×103μg.kg-1.DMP、DEP、DBP和DEHP的去除效率分别为68.3%～82.6%、94.5%～98.2%、74.7%～95.0%和90.5%～90.7%,主要的去除机制可能是生物降解和向空气挥发.而二沉池出水和脱水污泥中高浓度的DBP和DEHP值得关注.     

DDT在红绒盖牛肝菌(Xerocomus chrysenteron)培养体系中的转移降解特性

在纯培养条件下,研究外生菌根真菌红绒盖牛肝菌(Xerocomus chrysenteron)对DDT的吸附能力,通过测定液体、菌表和胞内DDT及DDD的含量来探讨DDT在培养体系中的迁移转化模式,并通过改变培养条件来确定和修正DDT的去除机理.结果表明,红绒盖牛肝菌对DDT有很强的吸附作用,30 min内有97%的DDT吸附到菌丝上,吸附过程符合二级动力学方程.DDT在红绒盖牛肝菌培养体系中的迁移转化分为3个阶段:从液体到菌表和胞内的迁移存储阶段(0～6 d),降解去除阶段(6～10 d)和稳定迁移阶段(10～25 d).通过影响因素的分析发现,呼吸链抑制剂叠氮化钠完全抑制了降解去除阶段DDT的去除,而低糖条件可使培养体系中DDT的去除提前.      

高浓度有机废水二相厌氧消化过程特性研究

以填充床生物膜酸化反应器与上流式污泥床反应器（UASB）甲烷化反应器组成的二相厌氧消化装置处理高浓度啤酒废水或合成废水,最大处理能力为32～35kgCOD/d·m³。提出了二相工艺高负荷运行时最低必需酸化率的概念。进水浓度5000mgCOD/L,容积负荷30kgCOD/d·m³时,最低酸化率为28％。对主要操作参数的灵敏度分析表明,操作负荷、酸化率和进水碱度是影响COD去除率的主要操作参数。对二相厌氧消化系统中影响反应器内微生物群系的生态平衡、微生物本征活性和反应器宏观行为的主要因素进行了分类和综合讨论。     

废纸造纸废水特征污染物筛选及其迁移转化规律

采用液相色谱、气相色谱-质谱联用、原子吸收光谱等手段对废纸造纸废水中的有机物和ρ(Ca2+)进行了分析,筛选出特征污染物,并研究了其在各工序段中的迁移转化规律.结果表明:废纸造纸废水成分复杂,筛选出邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯、丁羟甲苯、木素和Ca2+ 5种特征污染物.4种有机特征污染物反映的ρ(COD_Cr)之和对各工艺单元出水总ρ(COD_Cr)的贡献率逐渐升高,由初沉池的7.1%升至二沉池的33.6%.邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯、丁羟甲苯和Ca2+主要通过IC塔的厌氧过程去除,A/O系统在邻苯二甲酸二乙酯和木素的去除过程中起主导作用.造纸废水的高回用率导致Ca2+积累,易造成IC塔颗粒污泥泥沙化,严重影响系统的正常运转.      

Optimization of C/N ratio preparation of protein-rich and multi-enzymes feed thallus through synergic fermentation of mixed distillers' grains

A new procedure of determining optimal C/N (the rate of carbon source to nitrogen source) of mixed distillers‘ grains for combined bacteria synergic fermentation is established.At the same time an improved method evaluating bacteria growth,called method of dry cell weighing by filtering is developed.For each combination of C and N,their initial and residual contents before and after fermentation respectively are determined.Then followed the calculation of utilization of C and N sources by the compound bacteria.The optimal C/N is finally located from among the utilization of C and N of several combinations and the weight of produced mass of oven-dried thallus.The conditions of fermentation are:inoculum size 10%,temperature 30.0℃,rotational speed 170 r/min,shake culture time 48h.The best results obtained from orthogonal experiments are:maximum mass of oven dried thallus is 14.693g in a liter liquid medium,maximum utilization rate of carbon source is 98.13% and maximum utilization rate of nitrogen is 78.14%.Optimal C/N is 5.1。     

Comparison of decolorization of reactive microorganisms isolated from various sources

Azo dyes are among the oldest man-made chemicals and they are still widely used in the textile, printing and the food industries.About 10% - 15% of the total dyes used in the industry is released into the environment during the manufacturing and usage. Some dyes and some of their N-substituted aromatic bio-transformation products are toxic and/or carcinogenic and therefore these dyes are considered to beenvironmental pollutants and health hazards. These azo dyes are degraded by physico-chemical and biological methods. Of these, biological methods are considered to be the most economical and efficient. In this work, attempts were made to degrade these dyes aerobically. Theorganisms which were efficient in degrading the following azo dyes-Red RB, Remazol Red, Remazol Blue, Remazol Violet, Remazol Yellow,Golden Yellow, Remazol Orange, Remazol Black- were isolated from three different sources viz., wastewater treatment plant, paper milleffluent treatment plant and tannery was tewater treatment plant. The efficiency of azo dye degradation by mixed cultures from each source wasanalyzed. It was found that mixed cultures from tannery treatment plant worked efficiently in decolorizing Remazol Red, Remazol Orange,Remazol Blue and Remazol Violet, while mixed cultures from the paper mill effluent worked efficiently in decolorizing Red RB, Golden Yellow and Remazol Yellow. The mixed cultures from wastewater treatment plant efficiently decolorized Remazol Black.     

纳米TiO2对土壤重金属释放及形态变化的影响

通过室外模拟淹水实验研究纳米Ti O_2对土壤重金属迁移转化的影响,分析了两种纳米Ti O_2对三峡水库典型消落区土壤中Cr、Zn、Pb、Cu和Cd释放和形态变化的影响.结果表明,淹水两个月后,添加4 g·kg~(-1)金红石和锐钛矿颗粒处理均导致约30%的Cr释放到水中,主要促进可氧化态和残渣态Cr的溶出,从而促进土壤Cr的活化,大大提高其生态风险;另外,添加4 g·kg~(-1)金红石颗粒处理导致酸可交换态和可氧化态Pb含量分别下降25.92%和33.09%,增强其迁移性;但添加锐钛矿颗粒处理促进土壤中可氧化态Zn的生成,含量提高约30%,有利于Zn的固定;此外,两种纳米Ti O_2颗粒对Cu和Cd的形态均没有明显的影响.因此,纳米Ti O_2对土壤中Cr释放和形态变化影响最大,其次是Pb和Zn,在进行重金属污染土壤的修复及其风险评估时需要特别注意.     

一个远距离输送-化学转化模式及其在酸雨研究中的应用

建立了一个将空气污染物远距离输送和大气边界层内气相化学反应模式相结合的拉格朗日模式,并应用于华南的酸雨研究.观测的SO_2浓度及硫酸盐浓度与计算结果比较,效果较好.     

太湖和辽河沉积物重金属质量基准及生态风险评估

以太湖、辽河的表层沉积物为研究对象,运用相平衡分配法（EqP）初步探讨了两流域沉积物中4种重金属（Cd,Cu,Pb,Zn）的沉积物质量基准（C_SQC）推荐值,并对两流域沉积物中的重金属进行了生态风险评估. 根据美国国家环境保护局（US EPA）基于水生生物对重金属的最终慢性毒理水平的淡水水质基准,制定了太湖及辽河4种重金属（Cd,Cu,Pb和Zn）的沉积物质量基准推荐值分别为6.42,55.3,20.6和201.5 mg/kg及5.42,52.8,18.9和177.7 mg/kg. 通过与不同国家及地区制定的C_SQC值进行比较,推算出4种重金属的C_SQC值大都接近所有数据的中间值. 从沉积物固相和间隙水相2个不同的角度对沉积物中重金属进行的生态风险评估表明,两流域的大部分区域同步可提取重金属（SEM）与酸可挥发性硫化物（AVS）含量的差值大于0,而_i［C_Ti］/［C_SQC,i］值与_i［C_IW,i］/［CCC_i］值均大于1,说明在整体上两流域沉积物中的重金属存一定的生态风险. 由于未考虑各金属元素之间的拮抗或协同等作用以及底栖生物敏感性的问题,所使用的生态风险方法在评价生态风险方面可能会相对有所偏差.      

潜流型人工湿地污水处理系统氮去除及氮转化细菌的研究

潜流型人工湿地污水处理系统具有一定的氮净化能力，总氮（ＴＮ）去除率分别为４９３４％（芦苇系统）、４５４９％（茭白系统）、３８６９％（无植物系统）．湿地中氮转化细菌丰富，氨化细菌为１０６—１０７ｃｆｕ／ｇ（土壤），亚硝化菌为１０３—１０５ＭＰＮ／ｇ（土壤），硝化菌１０３—１０４ＭＰＮ／ｇ（土壤），反硝化细菌为１０４—１０６ＭＰＮ／ｇ（土壤）．亚硝化菌数量有植物系统高于无植物系统，前部高于后部，硝化菌数量有植物系统高于无植物系统，中后部高于前部．