社会—生态系统适应性治理视角下绿地空间恢复力的演化——广州旧城区更新案例

旧城区绿地作为关键的社会—生态系统载体,是城市高质量发展与转型治理亟需关注的问题。构建广州旧城区绿地服务基本单元,引入适应性循环理论的潜力—连通度—恢复力三维框架,构建表征生态、社会与经济服务的绿地景观指标体系,综合评估2000—2018年广州旧城区绿地的空间恢复力水平及适应性转化特征。研究结果显示：旧城区绿地的恢复力演化具有明显的核心区与外围区的时空分异,在拆除重建阶段呈现快速开发—快速释放—重组的转化,在微更新阶段主要呈现开发—保护的提升,并具有提升型、稳定型和更替型的社会—生态系统服务适应性。由此说明,城市更新具有调节社会—生态系统服务治理的效果。其中,绿地形状指数、5 min可达绿地率以及土地利用混合度对核心区绿地恢复力具有显著的促进作用,为外围区治理提供参考。同时,进一步探讨了更新政策与城市绿地空间恢复力演化的关系,为促进旧城区绿地空间更新治理提供社会—生态系统适应性的理论与实证案例研究。     

三相鼓泡塔生物反应器培养黄孢原毛平革菌合成木素过氧化物酶系

利用三相鼓泡塔反应器固定化培养黄孢原毛平革菌，可以高效地合成木素过氧化物酶系，固定化载体为聚氨酯泡沫塑料．实验表明，合成木素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶的最佳通气量均是1．0vvm。在此通气量下，最大木素过氧化物酶的酶活达367U/L，最大锰过氧化物酶的酶活达4．72U／mL。在使用相同的培养基和固定化载体单位体积用量条件下，与摇瓶培养相比，酶活分别增大1倍和1．2倍．一定条件下，在三相鼓泡塔中可以进行重复间歇培养生产木素过氧化物酶，连续进行了5批培养，每批最大木素过氧化物酶的活力均在250U／L以上，最高酶活出现在第二批为480U／L，总培养时间达22d．图9参15     

水稻高效转化系统的建立

利用基因枪轰击和农杆菌介导两条途径转化水稻成熟胚、幼胚、幼穗诱导来源的愈伤组织．实验发现，外植体来源影响愈伤组织的诱导和转化．对于同一水稻品种，幼胚、幼穗在NB2培养基上比成熟胚易于诱导出胚性愈伤组织；转化中，无论是经农杆菌介导还是基因枪轰击，幼胚和幼穗来源的愈伤组织能以较高的转化频率获得转化体并再生成苗．同时，愈伤组织的诱导和转化效果也受基因型的影响．另外，转化途径对转化效率的影响较大，基因枪轰击比农杆菌介导转化频率高、再生频率强．并且，在轰击前6h至轰击后18h，将愈伤组织保持在附加20g／L甘露醇的培养基中，有利于转化率的提高．图2表3参17     

北方常见农作物根际土壤中铅、锌的形态转化及其植物有效性

采用盆栽试验结合形态分析技术研究了北方地区常见农作物对污染土壤中铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)的形态转化及其植物有效性的影响。土壤Pb、Zn形态分析结果显示,与非根际土壤相比,多数作物根际可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、有机质结合态Pb比例降低,而铁锰氧化物结合态、残渣态Pb则显著增加;Zn则表现为可交换态比例略呈降低趋势,碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态与有机质结合态升高,残渣态Zn则大幅下降。这提示,作物根际土壤Pb存在由松结合态向紧结合态转化的现象,从而植物有效性降低;而根际土壤Zn的形态变化则与Pb相反,即由紧结合态向松结合态转化,相应地提高了Zn的植物有效性。     

Combination of steam-enhanced extraction and electrical resistance heating for efficient remediation of perchloroethylene-contaminated soil: Coupling merits and energy consumption

● Coupling merits of SEE and ERH were explored by a laboratory-scale device. ● SEE promotes the soil electrical conductivity and ERH process. ● Preheating soil by ERH improves the soil permeability and SEE. ● Combined method is more energy-efficient for perchloroethylene extraction. In situ thermal desorption (ISTD) technology effectively remediates soil contaminated by dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). However, more efforts are required to minimize the energy consumption of ISTD technology. This study developed a laboratory-scale experimental device to explore the coupling merits of two traditional desorption technologies: steam-enhanced extraction (SEE) and electrical resistance heating (ERH). The results showed that injecting high-density steam (> 1 g/min) into loam or clay with relatively high moisture content (> 13.3%) could fracture the soil matrix and lead to the occurrence of the preferential flow of steam. For ERH alone, the electrical resistance and soil moisture loss were critical factors influencing heating power. When ERH and SEE were combined, preheating soil by ERH could increase soil permeability, effectively alleviating the problem of preferential flow of SEE. Meanwhile, steam injection heated the soil and provided moisture for maintaining soil electrical conductivity, thereby ensuring power stability in the ERH process. Compared with ERH alone (8 V/cm) and SEE alone (1 g/min steam), the energy consumption of combined method in remediating perchloroethylene-contaminated soil was reduced by 39.3% and 52.9%, respectively. These findings indicate that the combined method is more favorable than ERH or SEE alone for remediating DNAPL-contaminated subsurfaces when considering ISTD technology.     

Microbial degradation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its influence on phenanthrene-DOM interactions

Microbial degradation-induced changes in the characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM), and the subsequent effects on phenanthrene-DOM interactions were investigated based on the microbial incubation of DOM collected from four different sources for 28 d. Partially biodegraded DOM presented higher specific UV absorbance (SUVA), lower protein-like fluorescence, higher humic-like fluorescence, lower aliphatic carbon fraction, and higher hydrophobic neutral fractions compared to the original DOM. Microbial changes in DOM led to an increase in the isotherm nonlinearity as well as the extent of phenanthrene binding. A negative relationship between SUVA and the Freundlich n values was established for the original and the biodegraded DOM, suggesting that aromatic condensed structures may play important roles in providing nonlinear strong binding sites irrespective of microbial degradation. In contrast, there were two separate slopes of the correlations between the percentage of hydrophobic acid (HoA) fraction and the n values for the original and the biodegraded DOM with a higher slope exhibited for the latter, implying that the microbial utilization of oxygen-containing structures in the HoA fractions may contribute to enhancing the associated isotherm nonlinearity.     

北京工业废水和城市污水中有机氯农药残留分析

建立了基于HLB固相萃取柱和气相色谱-电子捕获(GC-ECD)测定水体中有机氯农药的方法,并对方法的回收率、灵敏度进行了评价,同时分析了北京市七类典型污染点源50个采样点位有机氯农药的浓度,检测到的有机氯农药包括γ-六六六、β-六六六、4,4’-滴滴涕、α-六六六、δ-六六六、硫丹Ⅰ、4,4’-滴滴伊、艾氏剂和异狄氏剂,它们的检出率分别为90%、60%、50%、46%、26%、8%、6%、2%和2%。主要有机氯农药污染残留为γ-六六六、β-六六六和4,4’-滴滴涕。检出有机氯农药浓度范围是0.20~76.40ng/L。方法对有机氯农药的回收率达到60.93%~141.50%,方法检测限为0.27~2.90ng/L。     

分散液液微萃取-气相色谱/质谱联用法测定饮用水源水中的四乙基铅

采用分散液液微萃取与气相色谱/质谱法联用技术建立了测定水样中四乙基铅的方法。考察了影响分散液液微萃取的因素,包括萃取溶剂、分散剂、萃取次数、萃取时间和盐效应等。在最佳条件下,四乙基铅的富集倍数为330倍,检出限为0.01μg/L(S/N=3),线性范围为0.10~10.0μg/L,线性相关系数为0. 9992。测定饮用水源水中的四乙基铅,加标回收率为87.7%~105%,相对标准偏差为4.8%~7.3%(n=3)。     

气相分子吸收光谱法在海水无机氮测定中的适用性研究

为探究气相分子吸收光谱法在海水无机氮测定中的适用情况,在检出限的10～20倍、30～50倍、50～100倍3个浓度范围内开展了准确度、加标回收率和方法比对试验。结果表明,采用气相分子吸收光谱法测定海水亚硝酸盐氮(0～0.100 mg/L)、硝酸盐氮(0～0.400 mg/L)、氨氮(0～0.200 mg/L)时,标准曲线均具有很好的线性,线性拟合度均在0.999 3以上,检出限依次为0.000 8、0.004、0.004 mg/L,且该方法不具有盐效应,适用于海水样品的检测。当样品浓度太低时,气相分子吸收光谱法测定结果的准确度较低,因此,建议仅在亚硝酸盐氮浓度高于0.030 mg/L、硝酸盐氮浓度高于0.100 mg/L、氨氮浓度高于0.090 mg/L时使用该方法,对应的海域为河口及近岸等无机氮含量较高的海域。此外,为保证测定结果的准确度,每个样品需平行测定2～3次。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定生活污水中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚及其降解产物

比较了液-液萃取和固相萃取浓缩富集水体中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPnEO,n为聚合度)及其小分子代谢产物的效率,建立了复杂基体水样中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚及其小分子代谢产物多成分同时测定的高分辨高灵敏的固相萃取(SPE)-正相高效液相色谱(NP-HPLC)-荧光检测(FL)方法。优化了影响SPE回收率的条件,洗脱溶剂和样品过柱的速度。SPE对NPnEO的回收率大于82%;使用1L水样,方法的检测限对壬基酚(NP)、NP1EO为0.01μgL,NP2EO、NP3EO为0.02μgL,NP4EO～NP12EO为0.05μgL。应用本方法测定了生活污水水样,检测到了NPnEO(n=1～12)及其小分子降解产物NP、NP1EO、NP2EO。