基于支持向量机回归和小波变换的O3预报方法

使用南京工业区2016年6月1日~8月15日的臭氧（O₃）、O₃前体物及常规气象数据，结合多元线性回归（MLR）方法和小波变换（WT）改进支持向量机回归（SVR）对O₃小时浓度的预报精度.结果表明，通过WT方法将一个高变异性的序列转化为多个低变异性的序列后再处理可提高预报精度，M-WT-SVR预报的决定系数（R²）达到0.90，平均绝对误差（MAE）、平均绝对百分误差（MAPE）和均方根误差（RMSE）分别为3.86×10^-9、28.26%和5.57×10^-9，优于M-SVR和SVR.低层细节序列主要与NO、NO₂和芳香烃有关，而更高层的近似序列受到气象条件、前体物和O₃前期浓度共同影响.与经典的MLR方法相比，M-WT-SVR对O₃小时浓度的预报有明显优势.     

固相反射散射分光光度法测定化妆品中的铅

在酸性条件下 ,铅 ( )与玫瑰红酸钠形成紫红色络合物沉淀 ,该沉淀能被均匀地抽滤到一定表面积的滤纸上。本文采用固相反射散射分光光度法直接测定滤纸上负载的络合物的反射吸收值 AR,铅的含量在 0～ 8μg/ m L的范围内 AR与浓度有良好的线性关系。方法简便、快速 ,检出限为 0 .0 5μg/ m L。相对标准偏差为3.0 %。方法用于化妆品中铅的测定 ,结果令人满意     

几种新型光催化水质净化反应器的探讨

综述了几种新型光催化反应器的结构、特征，讨论各反应器的应用情况和处理效果，对其优缺点进行评价。指出光催化技术与其它成熟水处理技术的耦合是光催化工艺进入实际应用的重要途径。     

规范变换与误差修正结合的环境系统的前向网络和投影寻踪预测模型

为了建立适用于环境系统的结构简洁、形式统一、程序规范、应用普适的神经网络和投影寻踪回归预测模型,针对传统的神经网络和投影寻踪回归用于多因子、大样本预测建模,存在模型结构复杂、学习效率低的局限,提出设置环境系统预测量及其影响因子参照值和规范变换式的原则和方法,使规范变换后的影响因子皆"等效"于同一个规范影响因子,从而将多因子的的预测建模简化为等效规范因子的预测建模,使模型结构得到极大地简化,提高了学习效率;此外,为了提高预测模型的预测精度,还提出了对预测样本的模型输出值的误差修正公式.在对环境系统的预测量及其影响因子进行规范变换的基础上,将m个规范影响因子的每个建模样本组成m个"等效"训练样本,应用免疫进化算法优化模型参数,分别建立适用于环境系统的2个或3个规范影响因子的前向神经网络和投影寻踪回归两类预测模型;并依据误差理论,对误差修正公式修正后的模型预测精度的提高进行了严格的数学论证.将基于规范变换与相似样本误差修正相结合的两类预测模型,用于某市5个点位的SO_2浓度预测,并与6种传统预测模型和方法的预测结果进行了比较.结果表明:对同一个预测样本,同类模型的两种不同结构的的预测值及其相对误差都几乎完全相同或彼此相差甚小;此外,两种不同结构的两类预测模型用于5个样本预测,其相对误差绝对值的平均值分别为2.59%、2.67%;2.18%、2.62%,均远小于传统BP神经网络模型的25.72%、传统PPR模型的14.20%、传统SVR模型的22.13%、模糊识别模型的21.57%、组合算子模型的18.36%和多元回归模型的25.31%;而两类模型预测的最大的相对误差绝对值分别为4.11%和3.57%,更加远远小于传统的6种预测模型的37.18%、56.07%、27.40%、32.14%、38.38%和60.26%.实例分析结果证实了误差修正公式对提高模型预测精度具有切实可行性.基于规范变换与误差修正相结合的前向神经网络和投影寻踪回归两类预测模型不仅避免了"维数灾难",提高了学习效率和模型的预测精确度,而且具有简洁、普适、规范、统一和稳定的特点,对其他预测建模也有借鉴作用.     

石河子跨断层形变观测数字及遥测技术改造的探讨

石河子跨断层形变观测数字化、遥测技术改造，在充分利用原仪器设备的基础上，安装了一台多功能数字采集仪，两支温度传感器和车载电话（EDS），把MD4211BA型岩体变形测量仪和MD4．412B型浮子垂直变形仪更换为水平测量仪（DSG）和垂直测量仪（DFG），配备了形交观测专用的计算机，安装了地亮所研制的配套软件，真正实现了观测数字化遥测化的目标。     

共沉淀富集—固相光度法快速测定微量汞

以Cu2 I2 与Cu2 HgI4 共沉淀法富集微量汞 ,采用固相反射散射分光光度法测定沉淀物中微量汞的含量。探讨了该方法的基本原理 ,选择了最佳的反应条件和测定条件。该法具有快速、简便、灵敏等优点 ,可应用于极谱实验室空气中、土壤、水体及植物体中微量汞的测定。     

Influence of surfactant-facilitated interfacial tension reduction on chlorinated solvent migration in porous media: observations and numerical simulation

The ability of a multiphase flow model to capture the migration behavior of chlorinated solvents under conditions of surfactant-facilitated interfacial tension (IFT) reduction is assessed through comparison of model predictions with observations from controlled laboratory experiments. Tetrachloroethene (PCE) was released in two-dimensional saturated systems, packed with sandy media that incorporated rectangular lenses of capillary contrast. Spatially uniform interfacial tension conditions were created in the tanks by pre-flushing the porous medium with either Milli Q water or an aqueous surfactant solution. Experimental observations showed that surfactant-facilitated IFT reductions substantially lowered capillary resistance to the vertical downward migration of PCE and enabled PCE to enter finer grained, less permeable lenses that were not penetrated in the absence of surfactant. An immiscible flow model was used to simulate the conditions of the laboratory experiments. Under higher IFT conditions (47.5 and 5 dyn/cm), the model could successfully predict the general migration behavior of the organic liquid. Model predictions, however, exhibited poorer agreement with observed migration pathways under low IFT conditions (0.5 dyn/cm). In all cases, the predicted PCE distributions were influenced by selection of the parametric model for capillary retention and relative permeability. Simulated migration rates were more consistent with observed behavior when the Brooks-Corey/Burdine model was employed. For low interfacial tensions, improved predictions of migration pathways were obtained through grid refinement and incorporation of small-scale packing variability. Simulations highlight the substantial sensitivity of model predictions to the capillary pressure-scaling factor, grid resolution, and small-scale porosity variations at interfaces of permeability contrast under reduced IFT conditions.     

Simple screening models of NAPL dissolution in the subsurface

Three simple screening models of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) dissolution in the subsurface are proposed based on the NAPL mass conservation and the assumption of proportionality between the residual NAPL source zone concentration and the remaining residual NAPL mass. The purpose of the proposed models is to predict the solute concentration in the zone of the residual NAPL as a result of dissolution. The predicted source zone concentration decrease is used to simulate and account for the decrease of dissolution rate with time. The proposed simple NAPL dissolution models enable the pseudo-equilibrium formulation to be used and therefore the numerical simulations for field application problems can be simplified compared to the non-equilibrium counterpart. With proper choice of empirical parameters, the proposed simple screening models can work as well as more complex dissolution rate correlation models, such as that of Imhoff et al. [Water Resour. Res. 30 (1994) 307-320]. It is found that the proposed models are very good for quantifying non-equilibrium dissolution, which is characterized by tailing of breakthrough curves. The models are especially useful for situations of small residual NAPL saturation, which are typical for many field applications.     

Residual gasoline saturation in unsaturated soil with and without organic matter

The goal of this study was to investigate the influence of one variable, natural organic matter, on residual gasoline saturation in sandy soils. Capillary pressure-saturation (P_c−S) relationships (air-gasoline) were determined for three physically-similar sandy soils, with different organic carbon contents (0.086%, 0.89% and 1.65%) and residual gasoline saturations were compared. Two initial moisture conditions, residual water saturation and air-dry, were evaluated. One soil type was packed to two different bulk densities. Visualization of the soils using cryo-scanning electron microscopy was performed to aid in better understanding the role of the organic matter in the soil. The results showed that soils with higher organic contents had higher residual gasoline saturations when starting with an initially air-dry soil. Increasing the bulk density of the same air-dried soil resulted in an increase in residual gasoline saturation. In the presence of a residual water saturation, however, residual gasoline saturations were virtually identical for the three soils and independent of bulk density; approximately 5–10 times lower than in soil that was initially air-dry. The presence of the residual water effectively coated the surface of the soil thereby reducing or eliminating gasoline/soil interactions. Some residual water may also be occupying very small pore spaces, making these locations inaccessible to the gasoline.     

Infiltration and redistribution of LNAPL into unsaturated layered porous media

Enhanced understanding of light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) infiltration into heterogeneous porous media is important for the effective design of remediation strategies. We used a 2-D experimental facility that allows for visual observation of LNAPL contours in order to study LNAPL redistribution in a layered porous medium. The layers are situated in the unsaturated zone near the watertable and they are inclined to be able to observe the effect of discontinuities in capillary forces and relative permeabilities. Two experiments were performed. The first experiment consisted of LNAPL infiltration into a fine sand matrix with a coarse sand layer, and the second experiment consisted of a coarse sand matrix and a fine sand layer. The numerical multi-phase flow model STOMP was validated with regard to the experimental results. This model is able to adequately reproduce the experimental LNAPL contours. Numerical sensitivity analysis was also performed. The capillarity contrast between sands was found to be the main controlling factor determining the final LNAPL distribution.