三相生物流化床处理生活废水

对三相生物流化床处理生活废水进行了实验研究，探讨了生物载体种类、溶解氧、水力停留时间及供气量对处理效果的影响。在选择的实验条件下，对进水CODcr值为600～1700mg／L的选定废水样，CODCr的平均去除率为85．8％。     

新型固相萃取器用于污染水样中痕量杀虫剂的浓缩及热解吸气相色谱-质谱分析

1　IntroductionSolid phasemicro extraction (SPME)asasimpleandrapidextractiontechniqueiswidelyusedinvariousareasforextractingdiluteanalytesfromliquid ,gaseousandsolidsamplesbecauseofitshighextractionefficiency[1 ].Recently ,astirbarsorptiveextraction (SBSE…     

富氧条件下不同泄爆面积对CH4燃烧诱导快速相变的影响

为了研究富氧条件下不同泄爆面积对CH4燃烧诱导快速相变的影响,基于自主设计搭建的CH4燃烧诱导快速相变试验台,通过改变富氧系数和泄爆面积对CH4燃烧的压力振荡特性进行研究,分析了不同富氧系数E(0.21,0.3,0.4,0.6)及泄爆面积比(0,0.25,0.5,0.75,1)下CH4燃烧的压力峰值、到达压力峰值的时间及特征时间等参数的变化趋势。结果表明,随富氧系数增大,爆炸压力峰值逐渐增大。富氧系数E=0.21时,压力峰值低于相应的绝热压力,无压力振荡;当E=0.3时,压力峰值低于相应的绝热压力且伴随压力振荡。当E为0.4、0.6时,压力峰值高于相应绝热压力且伴随压力振荡;在泄爆条件下,随富氧系数增加,到达压力峰值的时间逐渐减小。通过分析不锈钢管道中的燃烧诱导快速相变现象,发现泄爆可以有效降低爆炸压力峰值,且随泄爆面积比增大,到达压力峰值的时间提前。     

秋浇对内蒙古农业灌区磷元素迁移转化的影响

通过对内蒙古农业灌区一年中水量最大的一次灌溉（秋浇）期间,灌、排水干渠和农田土壤中总磷（TP）、无机磷（IP）以及有机磷（OP）进行分析监测,考察了秋浇对灌区磷元素迁移转化的影响.研究表明,秋浇使灌区土壤水分得到极大地补充,促进了土壤磷元素的溶解.由于灌溉引水中携带了大量泥沙,附着了较高含量的颗粒态磷（PP）,并沉积在农田土壤中,使灌区土壤总磷含量略有升高,排水中总磷浓度降低.原有土壤中有机磷在碱性环境中与土壤中钙离子形成难溶性盐类,促进反应平衡向有机磷增加的方向进行,使灌区有机磷含量大幅增加.同时,在周期较长的淹灌期间,土壤潮湿的厌氧环境增强,促进了厌氧微生物对溶解态磷的吸收利用,将其转变成有机态磷,因而在灌区土壤和排水中有机磷含量均有显著提高.     

城中村改造与生态城市建设

城市化的加速,促进了经济社会的快速发展,但同时也带来了城市发展模式的思考和城中村改造的问题。对于目前中国多数的大中城市来说,建设生态城市和改造城中村是当前城市建设工作的两项重要内容。从这两项工作的理论研究入手,阐述了城中村改造与生态城市建设的关系,论证了城中村改造遵循生态城市建设要求的重要性,论述了城中村改造中的生态保护措施,力求促使城中村改造与生态城市建设有机衔接,加速生态城市建设进程。     

Mercury budget estimates for the State of New York

The development of two comprehensive modelling systems and a test application to estimate the mercury budget for the State of New York is discussed in the present study. The modelling tools developed are based on two well known meteorological modelling systems namely, RAMS and SKIRON/Eta. Both models have been modified and the developed modules describing the physico-chemical processes of mercury have been incorporated in each modelling system. Model calculations and measurements have been compared during the 14 to 26 August 1997 simulation period. Two different simulations were performed, scenario1 where all available sources of mercury were used and scenario2 where the New York State mercury sources were excluded. An attempt was made to identify and quantify critical gaps in the current understanding of regional scale transport deposition and fate of mercury in New York State, improving modelling capabilities and understanding of mercury as an air pollutant, and provide a tool for policy makers in mitigating the impacts of mercury pollution.     

环境规制视角下制造业绿色转型对能源强度的影响

基于Super-SBM及动态面板门槛模型,系统分析中国制造业行业绿色转型异质性结构,并从环境规制视角探析制造业绿色转型对于其行业能源强度的影响效应.研究发现：中国制造业绿色转型并没有实现（平均值为-0.1637）,且行业间差异显著,其转型过程呈现明显波动特征.有趣的是,中国制造业绿色转型对于能源强度的作用存在显著的环境规制异质门槛效应：较低程度的环境规制并不利于促使制造业绿色转型降低能源强度.而随着环境规制强度的提高并突破“临界点”,在一定程度上有效增强了制造业绿色转型的影响作用,进而推动能源强度的降低.     

Rat cardiomyocyte H9c2(2-1)-based sulforhodamine B assay as a promising in vitro method to assess the biological component of effluent toxicity

The treatment of wastewaters is crucial to maintain the ecological status of receiving waters, and thereby guarantee the protection of aquatic life and human health. Wastewater quality evaluation is conventionally based on physicochemical parameters, but increasing attention has been paid to integrate physicochemical and biological data. Nevertheless, the regulatory use of fish in biological testing methods has been subject to various ethical and cost concerns, and in vitro cell-based assays have thus become an important topic of interest. Hence, the present study intends: (a) to evaluate the efficiency of two different sample pre-concentration techniques (lyophilisation and solid phase extraction) to assess the toxicity of municipal effluents on rat cardiomyoblast H9c2(2-1) cells, and (b) maximizing the use of the effluent sample collected, to estimate the environmental condition of the receiving environment. The gathered results demonstrate that the H9c2(2-1) sulforhodamine B-based assay is an appropriate in vitro method to assess biological effluent toxicity, and the best results were attained by lyophilising the sample as pre-treatment. Due to its response, the H9c2(2-1) cell line might be a possible alternative in vitro model for fish lethal testing to assess the toxicity of municipal effluents. The physicochemical status of the sample suggests a high potential for eutrophication, and iron exceeded the permissible level for wastewater discharge, possibly due to the addition of ferric chloride for wastewater treatment. In general, the levels of carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole are higher than those reported for other countries, and both surpassed the aquatic protective values for long-term exposure.     

草酸青霉SL2对高浓度铬污染土壤的生物淋洗及胞内铬形态转化研究

铬渣无序堆存造成的铬污染土壤迫切需要修复治理.本文以新筛选的功能微生物草酸青霉SL2(Penicillium oxalicum SL2)为材料,以重度铬污染土壤为研究对象,进行生物淋洗技术优化,并利用软X射线扫描透射显微光谱技术(STXM)及同步辐射X射线近边吸收结构谱学(XANES)分析淋洗后的草酸青霉SL2胞内铬空间分布化学形态.结果表明:分步处理并进行水洗预处理可明显提高草酸青霉SL2对高浓度铬污染土壤的总铬TCr淋出率(49.4%),淋出液中Cr(VI)在3 d内全部被还原;生物淋洗后,草酸青霉SL2胞内吸收累积了Cr(VI),部分被还原为Cr(III),两个价态的Cr在空间分布上具有一定的一致性;胞内铬形态主要为磷酸铬、草酸铬钾及半胱氨酸铬类化合物,其含量分别为46.9%、33.0%和20.1%.     

岸滤系统中磺胺甲恶唑、咖啡因和卡马西平的厌氧转化模拟研究

为了探究药品和个人护理用品(PPCPs)在岸滤系统中的转化过程及其影响因素,采集了不同类型的河床岸滤土壤,模拟岸滤系统中的反硝化和硫还原过程,探究该过程中磺胺甲恶唑(Sulfamethoxazole,SMX)及两种共存PPCPs(咖啡因、卡马西平)的转化过程及中间产物的生成.批次培养实验结果显示,至培养周期第87 d时SMX的生物降解率达到100%,反硝化过程中SMX自第5 d开始转化为两种衍生物—D-SMX及4-nitro-SMX,反硝化反应结束两种衍生物再次还原为SMX.SMX的转化率因有机质的不同而产生差异,添加乙酸钠有机质时SMX的转化率整体高于添加富里酸有机质的转化率;硫还原条件下SMX则完全降解;咖啡因(Caffeine,CFE)的生物降解率高于50%,不同河床土壤的理化性质差异及微生物的分布差异造成CFE的吸附及降解效果有很大差异,投加潮白河沉积物样品中CFE生物降解率高于投加密云水库沉积物样品;卡马西平(Carbamazepine,CMZ)的降解率范围在20%~35%,CMZ在岸滤系统中不易发生降解.