海洋环境管理需要实行五大转变：海洋资源开发中的环境对策

随着海洋资源开发力度的加大,海洋环境问题将突出起来,必须更新观念,在环境价值观念、经济发展模式、污染防治对策、投入结构、动力机制等五个方面实行重大转变。     

Studies of Thermal Transformation of Humic and Fulvic Acids in Soils Ii. Thermogravimetry

The thermogravimetry and differential curves of the humic and fulvic acids in the soils from five areas of China were determined and the peaks of these curves were classified according to the results of infra-red (IR) spectra at high temperature and pyrolysis-mass spectra (Py/Ms). the kinetic parameters for heat-degradation of these humic and fulvic acids were calculated by the Coast-Redfern method. the initial temperatures, the final temperatures, and the peaks of DTG curves, the activation energies, the reaction orders and the percentages of weight loss at different reaction stages for these samples were analysed. Thus, the similarity of thermal transformation of humic and fulvic acids in the soils from different areas of China was demonstrated. in addition, the DTA curves of red earth HA and FA were determined.     

Transformation of N-, O-, and S- heterocycles (NOSHs) in estuarine sediments: Effects of redox potential and sediment particle size

The transformation of 19 N-, O-, and S- heterocycles (NOSHs) was examined in estuarine sediment-water microcosms. The effects of redox potential (Eh) and sediment particle size on compound transformation rates were evaluated, and stable products were identified. Results from stirred, controlled Eh/pH microcosms (CEPMs) showed that most of the NOSHs were significantly transformed under oxidized and reduced conditions over 15 week incubations, and the resulting product distributions were similar. In general, the rates and extent of transformation were greater in oxidized sediments of low surface area vs. those with high particle surface area and reduced redox conditions. Further experiments in sealed, unstirred microcosms also showed that NOSH transformation proceeded more slowly and on fewer compounds in fine vs. coarser grained sediments under oxidized conditions. Unlike the stirred systems, however, NOSH transformation rates were similar or greater under reduced vs. oxidized conditions. Thus, reduced, methanogenic clay of high surface area displayed some of the fastest rates of NOSH transformation. Data from liquid-liquid partitioning experiments suggested that this effect was related to the formation of NOSH complexes with iron and perhaps other redox-active metals in sediments.     

Succession in the Abra ovata Community on Soft Grounds of a Newly Flooded Area of the Caspian Sea

Studies on succession in the Abra ovata community inhabiting the flooded area in Sulak Bay, Caspian Sea, that have been carried out since the mid-1980s were continued. It has been found that the pioneer species A. ovata and Cerastoderma glaucum are still dominant in the structure of this community, determining the course of its succession. Its second stage does not fit the framework of the models characteristic of benthic communities. On the one hand, it conforms to the tolerance model: the pioneer species A. ovata, despite its dominance at all stages of succession, has not prevented the spread of other numerous colonizers of the same trophic level. On the other hand, it conforms to the facilitation model: due to their abundance, the pioneer species as grazing species have attracted organisms of a higher trophic level, namely, sturgeons.     

唐山市协调工业发展与环境保护的创新途径

唐山市作为一个传统的重工业城市 ,多年来一直以资源型工业为主体 ,工业发展和环境保护的矛盾十分突出。本文以此为例 ,探讨了依赖于资源优势的工业发展过程应如何协调其发展与环境保护的关系 ,认为产业结构的调整是一个长期的动态过程 ,应作为一个持久努力的目标。目前应尽快通过技术转型和制度转型减少目前工业活动对环境造成的影响 ,促使工业发展向生态工业转变。     

黄土高原资源型城市文化娱乐业发展对经济转型的影响

经济转型是资源型城市实现高质量发展的关键。文化娱乐业作为经济增长新引擎,在资源型城市经济转型中起着重要作用。采用黄土高原资源型城市2010—2019年面板数据,在构建综合指数测度资源型城市经济转型成效的基础上,运用空间杜宾模型实证检验文化娱乐业对经济转型的作用。结果表明：文化娱乐业对经济转型的影响呈先抑制后促进的“U”型曲线,在文化娱乐业发展初期,文化娱乐业的过度发展不利于经济转型升级,当文化娱乐业密度跨过拐点（5.104个/万人）后,经济转型成效会随着文化娱乐业的发展而提升;文化娱乐业具有显著的空间溢出效应,可以有效促进邻近城市经济转型,且邻近城市经济转型的提高会带动本市经济转型。研究结果有望为黄土高原资源型城市高质量发展提供科学依据与决策支持。     

产业转型对中国资源型城市增长与收缩演变轨迹的影响机制

中国正进入高质量发展阶段,资源型城市的增长与收缩面临着内外部条件的系统性重构,资源型城市在转型发展过程中如何摆脱“矿竭城衰”的历史宿命,实现城市人口的正增长,目前尚缺乏经验证据。本文采用2010—2020年116个资源型城市的截面与面板数据,定量刻画了资源型城市增长与收缩的演变轨迹,并实证考察了产业结构转型对人口增减变化的相关影响机制。研究发现：中国六成以上的资源型城市在研究期内表现为收缩状态,呈现出“一带两片”的空间分布格局;产业结构合理化和高级化在短期内均对资源型城市的人口增长表现为挤出效应,长期来看,产业结构合理化的影响转为正向,产业结构高级化的补偿效应暂未显现;产业结构多样化在短期内可促进资源型城市人口的增长,但长期来看并不显著。基于此,资源型城市的转型发展需要以提高产业结构合理化水平为重要突破口,以产业结构高级化为长期主线,基于地方比较优势实施产业延伸与产业更新并行战略,构建多元化的产业体系,不同类型、不同发展阶段资源型城市的产业结构转型应强调战略差异化。     

锡林河上游雨季降水、河水和地下水转化关系

为深入理解草原内陆河流域的水文循环过程及不同水体转化机制,以锡林河流域大气降水、河水和地下水为研究对象,对其氢氧稳定同位素进行了测试及多尺度时空特征分析,探究流域不同水体间的定量转化关系.结果表明：①锡林河流域具有明显的内陆性半干旱气候特征,大气降水是流域河水和地下水的主要补给源,地下水和河水同时经历了不同程度的非平衡蒸发;②河水同位素组成在季节上表现出春秋贫化、夏季富集的特征,在空间上表现为自上游到下游逐渐升高的趋势;浅层和深层地下水δ¹⁸O在生长季的波动变化基本一致,二者的主要差异发生在生长季末期,即前者趋于稳定而后者呈上升趋势,反映出深层地下水对大气降水和地表水入渗补给具有滞后响应,在空间上二者均由东南向西北逐渐贫化;③基于端元混合模型的估算结果可知,夏季大气降水和浅层地下水对河水的平均补给比例分别为52.69%和47.31%,说明对于内陆河流域,即使在多雨季节,浅层地下水也是河水的重要补给来源,研究旨在为半干旱典型草原内陆河流域的水资源调控和生态环境保护提供理论指导.     

高寒干旱区地表水与地下水水化学特征及转换关系：以大通河流域为例

全球气候变暖和区域极端气候会导致高寒干旱山区平原降雨失衡、冰川融化和冻土退化,进而改变区域水文循环.其中,地表水与地下水转化关系是高寒干旱区水文循环气候响应的重要科学问题之一.以祁连山南麓大通河流域为研究区,基于119组基本水化学参数和38组氘氧同位素数据,利用多元统计分析和同位素技术,研究了流域地表水与地下水的水化学特征及其相互转化过程.结果表明,流域地表水以HCO₃-Mg·Ca型水为主,受控于岩石风化作用;地下水以HCO₃-Mg·Ca型和Cl·SO₄-Na型水为主,受岩石风化作用和蒸发浓缩共同控制.上游地下水存在少量钙、镁长石的溶解,中游地下水化学组分主要为碳酸盐岩的风化溶解,下游地下水中各离子组分蒸发富集使地下水溶解性总固体升高.风化溶滤、人为活动、原生沉积环境、阳离子交替吸附及其他因素对研究区地表水和地下水化学组分的贡献率依次为39.1%、 15.0%、 12.6%、 13.8%和19.5%.δD和δ¹⁸O同位素测试结果表明,沿地下水流向大通河河水氘氧同位素含量呈富集到贫化的变化趋势,大通河...     

资源枯竭城市转型发展绩效评价及障碍因子诊断——以湖北大冶为例

转型发展绩效评价及障碍因子诊断,是资源枯竭城市实现可持续发展的重要基础及依据。根据转型发展的内涵,从经济发展、民生改善、资源利用、环境整治、产业转型五个方面构建评价指标体系,采用改进的TOPSIS方法,以湖北大冶市为例,评价2007-2016年转型发展的绩效并诊断障碍因子。结果表明：（1）大冶转型发展取得了显著成效,十年转型发展绩效分值均在0.9以上,总体呈两个阶段：2007-2010年为转型初期,产业接替阶段,发展绩效不稳定,由2007年的0.9976升至2008年的0.9998,2010年下滑至0.9098;2011-2016年为稳定转型发展期,绩效稳步提升,由0.9142升至0.9458。（2）影响大冶转型发展的主要障碍因子排序十年一致,障碍度从强到弱依次为：矿山地质灾害隐患点数量、城镇登记失业率、高技术产业增加值占GDP比例、工业固体废物综合利用率、农村居民人均可支配收入和地方财政一般预算收入。根据评价结果,提出了大冶市今后转型发展的工作建议。