Comparison of temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Ozone Pollution at Ground Level in the Eastern China

Abstract

Monitoring data from ozone(O₃ automatic stations in three typical cities with different climatic areas in the southern and northern parts of eastern China are used to analyze temporal and spatial characteristics of ozone pollution at ground level. The results show that ozone pollution level has distinct regional differences and the concentration in the suburbs is higher than that in the urban areas. The seasonal variation of ozone concentration in different climatic areas is greatly affected by the variation of precipitation. Ozone concentration in Shenyang and Beijing, in the temperate zone, has one perennial peak concentration, occurring in early summer, May or June. Ozone concentration in Guangzhou, in sub-tropical zone, has two peak values year round. The highest values occur in October and the secondary high value in June. The ozone season in the south is longer than that in the north. The annual average daily peak value of ozone concentrations in different climates usually occur around 3 pm. The diurnal variation range of ozone concentration declines with the increase of latitude. Ozone concentration does not elevate with the increase of traffic flow. Ozone concentration in Guangzhou has a distinct reverse relation to CO and NO_x. This complicated non-linearity indicates that the equilibrium of ozone photochemical reaction has regional differences. Exceeding the rate of Beijing's 1h ozone concentration is higher than that of Guangzhou, whereas the average 8h ozone level is lower than that of Guangzhou, indicating that areas in low latitude are more easily affected by moderate ozone concentrations and longer exposure. Thus, China should work out standards for 8h ozone concentration.     

基于landsat8数据京沪穗地表热环境评估研究

为了揭示快速城市化地区热环境的特点,以京沪穗为研究区,利用landsat8和GDEM数据,分别对3个城市的热环境进行分析,并对北京市进行下垫面分类,分析了不同下垫面对地表温度的影响,研究了北京市DEM和归一化植被指数与地表温度的关系。结果表明:地表温度与归一化植被指数和海拔高度均表现为明显的负相关关系,R2分别为0.651和0.580。北京、上海和广州均存在不同程度的热岛效应,热岛主要存在于城市建成区,并由市辖区向外辐散。上海市强热岛面积比例最大,广州市强热岛面积比例最小,热环境优劣顺序为广州、北京、上海。     

基于GTWR-XGBoost模型的四川省PM2.5小时浓度估算

卫星气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)和气象数据已被广泛用于估算空气动力学直径≤2.5μm的地表颗粒物(PM_2.5)浓度.研究高时间分辨率、高精度的PM_2.5浓度估算方法,对及时准确的空气质量预报和大气污染的预防及缓解具有重要意义.使用Himawari-8 AOD小时产品和ERA5气象再分析资料作为估算变量,提出GTWR-XGBoost组合模型,对四川省PM_2.5小时浓度进行估算.结果表明：(1)提出的组合模型运用于全数据集的性能优于KNN、 RF、 AdaBoost、 GTWR、 GTWR-KNN、 GTWR-RF和GTWR-AdaBoost模型,拟合精度指标R²、 MAE和RMSE分别为0.96、 3.43μg·m^-3和5.52μg·m^-3,验证精度指标R²、 MAE和RMSE分别为0.9、 4.98μg·m^-3和7.92μg·m^-3.(2)该模型作用于PM_2.5浓度小时估算...     

维生素B12对厌氧污泥还原降解8:2FTOH的影响

研究了投加生物催化剂维生素B₁₂（VB₁₂）对厌氧活性污泥还原降解8：2氟调聚醇（8：2FTOH）的影响.结果表明,投加VB₁₂能够改变厌氧活性污泥还原降解8：2FTOH的动力学特性并增加其最终去除率,但投加量存在上下限：当VB₁₂投加量≤1mg/L时,8：2FTOH最终去除量无显著增加;当VB₁₂投加量≥5mg/L时,8：2FTOH最终去除量也不再持续增加.投加所有剂量的VB₁₂均可显著增加8：2FTOH的最终脱氟率.投加VB₁₂对厌氧活性污泥还原降解8：2FTOH去除率和脱氟率的影响并不一致.此外,投加较高浓度的VB₁₂可以抑制厌氧污泥还原降解8：2FTOH过程中多氟代化合物等中间降解产物的积累,提高全氟代化合物等终态降解产物的产率,同时有利于增加8：2FTOH的矿化脱氟率,但却导致了更低的总物质的量回收率.     

[C8mim]Cl对HepG2细胞凋亡和内质网应激通路的影响

为研究离子液体氯化1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑（[C₈mim]Cl）是否通过内质网应激（ERS）通路诱导细胞凋亡,在MTT法检测细胞活力的基础上,用0,50,100,200μmol/L[C₈mim]Cl处理HepG2细胞24h后,采用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,western blot检测ERS通路相关蛋白表达.结果显示：[C₈mim]Cl处理后HepG2细胞凋亡呈浓度依赖性增高.ERS相关蛋白葡萄糖调节蛋白78（GRP78）、磷酸化RNA依赖的蛋白激酶样内质网激酶（p-PERK）、磷酸化真核起始因子2α（p-eIF2α）、磷酸化肌醇需求酶-1（p-IRE1）、激活转录因子4（ATF4）和ATF6显著上调.[C₈mim]Cl还显著诱导了C/EBP同源蛋白（CHOP）和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶4（caspase 4）蛋白表达,促进了caspase 9和caspase 3活性升高.因此,[C₈mim]Cl可通过ERS通路诱导HepG2细胞凋亡.     

Effect of hybridization with genome exclusion on extinction risk

Human‐induced habitat changes may lead to the breakdown of reproductive barriers between distantly related species. This phenomenon may result in fertile first‐generation hybrids (F₁) that exclude the genome of one parental species during gametogenesis, thus disabling introgression. The species extinction risk associated with hybridization with genome exclusion is largely underappreciated because the phenomenon produces only F₁ hybrid phenotype, leading to the misconception that hybrids are sterile and potentially of minor conservation concern. We used a simulation model that integrates the main genetic, demographic, and ecological processes to examine the dynamics of hybridization with genome exclusion. We showed that this mode of hybridization may lead to extremely rapid extinction when the process of genome exclusion is unbalanced between the interbreeding species and when the hybridization rate is not negligible. The coexistence of parental species was possible in some cases of asymmetrical genome exclusion, but show this equilibrium was highly vulnerable to environmental variation. Expanding the exclusive habitat of the species at risk allowed its persistence. Our results highlight the extent of possible extinction risk due to hybridization with genome exclusion and suggest habitat management as a promising conservation strategy. In anticipation of serious threats to biodiversity due to hybridization with genome exclusion, we recommend a detailed assessment of the reproductive status of hybrids in conservation programs. We suggest such assessments include the inspection of genetic content in hybrid gametes.     

Wrestling with the complexity of evaluation for organizations at the boundary of science,policy, and practice

Boundary organizations are situated between science, policy, and practice and have a goal of supporting communication and collaboration among these sectors. They have been promoted as a way to improve the effectiveness of conservation efforts by building stronger relationships between scientists, policy makers, industry, and practitioners (Cook et al. 2013). Although their promise has been discussed in theory, the work of and expectations for boundary organizations are less defined in practice. Biodiversity conservation is characterized by complexity, uncertainty, dissent, and tight budgets, so boundary organizations face the challenging task of demonstrating their value to diverse stakeholders. We examined the challenges boundary organizations face when seeking to evaluate their work and thus aimed to encourage more productive conversations about evaluation of boundary organizations and their projects. Although no off‐the‐shelf solution is available for a given boundary organization, we identified 4 principles that will support effective evaluation for boundary organizations: engage diverse stakeholders, support learning and reflection, assess contribution to change, and align evaluation with assumption and values.     

Managing conflicts between economic activities and threatened migratory marine species toward creating a multiobjective blue economy

Harnessing the economic potential of the oceans is key to combating poverty, enhancing food security, and strengthening economies. But the concomitant risk of intensified resource extraction to migratory species is worrying given these species contribute to important ecological processes, often underpin alternative livelihoods, and are mostly already threatened. We thus sought to quantify the potential conflict between key economic activities (5 fisheries and hydrocarbon exploitation) and sea turtle migration corridors in a region with rapid economic development: southern and eastern Africa. We satellite tracked the movement of 20 loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and 14 leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) turtles during their postnesting migrations. We used movement‐based kernel density estimation to identify migration corridors for each species. We overlaid these corridors on maps of the distribution and intensity of economic activities, quantified the extent of overlap and threat posed by each activity on each species, and compared the effects of activities. These results were compared with annual bycatch rates in the respective fisheries. Both species’ 3 corridors overlapped most with longline fishing, but the effect was worse for leatherbacks: their bycatch rates of approximately 1500/year were substantial relative to the regional population size of <100 nesting females/annum. This bycatch rate is likely slowing population growth. Artisanal fisheries may be of greater concern for loggerheads than for leatherbacks, but the population appears to be withstanding the high bycatch rates because it is increasing exponentially. The hydrocarbon industry currently has a moderately low impact on both species, but mining in key areas (e.g., Southern Mozambique) may undermine >50 years of conservation, potentially affecting >80% of loggerheads, 33% of the (critically endangered) leatherbacks, and their nesting beaches. We support establishing blue economies (i.e., generating wealth from the ocean), but oceans need to be carefully zoned and responsibly managed in both space and time to achieve economic (resource extraction), ecological (conservation, maintenance of processes), and social (maintenance of alternative livelihood opportunities, alleviate poverty) objectives.