城市企业环境风险源分级方法与应用研究

近年来,城市高风险工业行业引发的环境安全问题受到广泛关注。开展城市环境风险源分级是完善城市环境应急管理体系、保障城市环境安全的重要内容。从环境风险系统理论出发,综合考虑风险源固有属性、风险释放与控制水平、环境保护目标,构建了基于环境风险物质数量、生产工艺过程与风险控制技术水平、环境风险受体敏感性的分级评估指标体系,建立了环境风险源分级矩阵表征方法。将城市环境风险源划分为重大风险、一般风险和低风险3个等级。选择上海市开展了案例应用研究,对上海市17个区县的882家重点企业进行了环境风险源识别和分级,共确定重大风险企业151家,占总数的17.1%;一般风险企业161家,占总数的18.3%。对金山区、宝山区、闵行区几个重点区域提出了风险防控对策。     

新化学物质GHS水生环境危害分类探讨

为推动全球化学品统一分类和标签制度（GHS）在我国的技术实施,结合2004—2012年常规(正常)申报登记新化学物质的水生环境危害分类情况,探讨了新化学物质GHS水生环境危害分类方法,对分类标准应用、数据选择、分类程序、危害类别判定、分类结论表达等方面进行论述,分析了常见难于试验新化学物质分类方法,明确了分类涉及的相关技术问题。     

Factors affecting the concentration of bisphenol A in leachates from solid waste disposal sites and its fate in treatment processes

 The concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA) contained in landfill leachates from solid waste disposal sites were measured. The concentrations of BPA contained in leachates from industrial waste sites were in the range below the detection limit to 2800 μg/l, while those from municipal sites were in the range 26–8400 μg/l. The leachates from ash-rich sites contained relatively lower concentrations of BPA compared with organic-rich leachates. It is suggested that BPA concentration increases with time after the completion of reclamation in the case of ash-rich sites, whereas the concentration of BPA decreases with time in the case of organic-rich sites. A 7-year survey on a site in Japan showed neither a decrease nor an increase in the concentration of BPA during on-going reclamation. A leachate from a site in the Philippines contained high concentrations of BPA. A slight positive correlation was found between BPA concentrations and total organic carbon (TOC). A major portion of the BPA in leachates was found in dissolved and organic unassociated fractions, which cannot be precipitated by coagulation. More than 99.9% of the BPA contained in raw leachates was removed by a conventional series of treatment processes consisting of biological treatment, coagulation, sedimentation, sand filtration, and activated carbon adsorption. Received: May 29, 2002 / Accepted: October 17, 2002     

离子色谱法测定有害工业固体废物浸出液中的氟化物

用离子色谱法（简称ＩＣ）测定有害工业固体废物浸出液中的氟化物，其测定方法较化学法（离子选择电极法）手续简便、快速、准确．     

基于生物光学模型的二类水体光学活性物质估算：以晋江下游河段为例

水体中各组分对光谱的吸收和散射构成了水体的固有光学特性,是生物光学模型的重要参数,是建立水质遥感半分析模型的基础.目前该方法多应用于湖泊水质监测,很少用于河流.因此, 本研究以福建晋江下游河段为例, 探讨水面下反射率R(0^-)与光学活性物质之间的关系,并建立了光学活性物质的估算模型.结果表明,利用R(0^-)₇₅₃与总悬浮物浓度、R(0^-)₇₀₂/R(0^-)₆₈₀与浮游植物色素浓度、R(0^-)₆₇₀/R(0^-)₄₂₃与CDOM吸收系数分别建立的估算模型能取得理想的效果,其决定系数分别是0.953、 0.820 5和0.621 3,对应的相对误差分别是6.1%、 21.87%和22.18%.三者中以悬浮物浓度的反演精度最高,然后依次为浮游植物色素浓度和CDOM.主要原因在于浮游植物色素的浓度相对较低,光谱信号较弱;CDOM的特征光谱波段很窄,而且该波段内的R(0^-)受到其它２种物质存在的影响.     

Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on anaerobic digestion and its sludge dewaterability

To investigate the effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on anaerobic digestion and sludge dewaterability and further to probe into the influencing factors on sludge dewaterability, sludge flocs were stratified into four fractions: (1) slime; (2) loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS); (3) tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS); and (4) EPS-free pellets. The results showed that ultrasonic pretreatment increased the anaerobic digestion efficiency by 7%–8%. Anaerobic digestion without ultrasonic pretreatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, with the capillary suction time (CST) increased from 1.42 to 47.3 (sec L)/g-TSS. The application of ultrasonic pretreatment firstly deteriorated the sludge dewaterability (normalized CST increased to 44.4 (sec L)/g-TSS), while subsequent anaerobic digestion offset this effect and ultimately decreased the normalized CST to 23.2 (sec L)/g-TSS. The dewaterability of unsonicated sludge correlated with protein (p = 0.003) and polysaccharide (p = 0.004) concentrations in the slime fraction, while that of sonicated sludge correlated with protein concentrations in the slime and LB-EPS fractions (p < 0.05). Fluorescent excitationemission matrix analysis showed that the fluorescence matters in the LB-EPS fraction significantly correlated with sludge dewaterability during anarobic digestion.     

污泥性质对动态膜形成和膜污染的影响

以一体式尼龙筛网动态膜生物反应器（DMBR）为研究体系,探讨了正常污泥、膨胀污泥和解体污泥的动态膜形成和膜污染特点,并从胞外聚合物（EPS）、相对疏水性（RH）、污泥混合液粘度（μ）、接触角这些物化性质角度定量研究膜污染机理.研究结果表明,膨胀污泥由于丝状菌累积导致严重的泥饼层污染;解体污泥由于胶体颗粒和可溶性物质沉积...     

《环境科学》征稿简则

1.来稿报道成果要有创新性,论点明确,文字精炼,数据可靠.全文不超过8000字（含图、表、中英文摘要及参考文献）.国家自然科学基金项目、国家科技攻关项目、国际合作项目或其它项目请在来稿中注明（在首页以脚注表示）．作者投稿时请先蹙陆我刊网站（www．hjkx．ac．cn）进行注册,注册完毕后以作者身份登录,按照页面给出的提示信息投稿即可．     

饮用水处理过程中全氟化合物的分布、转化及去向

全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFASs)存在于地表水、自来水甚至商业饮用水中,对人类健康构成威胁.在以太湖为源头的某大型饮用水处理厂(DWTPs)中研究了14种PFASs的检出和转化.结果表明,共有10种PFASs在水样中被检测到,说明PFASs在饮用水中分布广泛.原水中的PFASs总浓度为127.4ng·L^-1,其中最高浓度为全氟辛酸(PFOA, 49.8ng·L^-1).预臭氧会导致PFASs的浓度反向升高,这可能是由于前体物的存在或由短链向长链进行转化导致.常规处理工艺无法有效去除PFASs, O₃-BAC在DWTPs的处理过程中对PFASs的去除(20.74%)具有主导作用.O₃-BAC作为DWTPs的主要去除工艺,其反冲洗水中含有浓度较高的PFASs,分布特征与原水相似.利用中试装置,对比了5种常见的滤池反冲洗水处理工艺,结果表明,GAC-超滤可以在保证浊度较高去除率(99.08%)的基础上,吸附并截留一定量的PFASs.从三维荧光分析可得,GAC-超滤也可去除大部分荧光微污染物,对于原水含有较高浓...     

太湖原水中膜污染物质的确定与表征

采用混凝沉淀和浸没式微滤膜联用技术处理太湖原水,考察组合工艺中的有机物亲疏水性和分子量分布变化,并分析化学清洗水的有机物组分,以期确定造成膜污染的主要物质成分.结果表明,混凝预处理可有效去除大分子的亲水性有机物,这类有机物仅能导致可逆污染,而中等和小分子的有机物会导致不可逆污染.此外,三维荧光光谱表明与膜污染关系最密切的2个区域为:λex=230nm/λem=330~350nm (区域Ⅰ)和λex=280nm/λem=300~350nm (区域Ⅳ),其对应的胞外蛋白质类有机物和溶解性微生物产物(SMP)是造成微滤膜不可逆污染的主要物质.