Assessing farming eco-efficiency: a Data Envelopment Analysis approach

This paper assesses farming eco-efficiency using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) techniques. Eco-efficiency scores at both farm and environmental pressure-specific levels are computed for a sample of Spanish farmers operating in the rain-fed agricultural system of Campos County. The determinants of eco-efficiency are then studied using truncated regression and bootstrapping techniques. We contribute to previous literature in this field of research by including information on slacks in the assessment of the potential environmental pressure reductions in a DEA framework. Our results reveal that farmers are quite eco-inefficient, with very few differences emerging among specific environmental pressures. Moreover, eco-inefficiency is closely related to technical inefficiencies in the management of inputs. Regarding the determinants of eco-efficiency, farmers benefiting from agri-environmental programs as well as those with university education are found to be more eco-efficient. Concerning the policy implications of these results, public expenditure in agricultural extension and farmer training could be of some help to promote integration between farming and the environment. Furthermore, Common Agricultural Policy agri-environmental programs are an effective policy to improve eco-efficiency, although some doubts arise regarding their cost-benefit balance.     

基于GIS技术开发的DSS系统数据结构设计

“省级环境决策支持系统”是以GIS为基础,以模型方法为驱动的环境信息系统,其中涉及的环境信息具有数量巨大和门类繁多的特点。该文探讨了设计此系统空间数据和属性数据结构所遵循的基本原则和基本方法。      

Development of analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in airborne particulates： A review

In the present work, the different sample collection, pretreatment and analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in airborne particulates is systematacially reviewed, and the applications of these pretreatment and analytical methods for PAHs are compared in detail. Some comments on the future expectation are also presented.     

Investigation of the hydrodynamic behavior of diatom aggregates using particle image velocimetry

The hydrodynamic behavior of diatom aggregates has a significant influence on the interactions and flocculation kinetics of algae. However, characterization of the hydrodynamics of diatoms and diatom aggregates in water is rather difficult. In this laboratory study, an advanced visualization technique in particle image velocimetry (PIV) was employed to investigate the hydrodynamic properties of settling diatom aggregates. The experiments were conducted in a settling column filled with a suspension of fluorescent polymeric beads as seed tracers. A laser light sheet was generated by the PIV setup to illuminate a thin vertical planar region in the settling column, while the motions of particles were recorded by a high speed charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. This technique was able to capture the trajectories of the tracers when a diatom aggregate settled through the tracer suspension. The PIV results indicated directly the curvilinear feature of the streamlines around diatom aggregates. The rectilinear collision model largely overestimated the collision areas of the settling particles. Algae aggregates appeared to be highly porous and fractal, which allowed streamlines to penetrate into the aggregate interior. The diatom aggregates have a fluid collection efficiency of 10%-40%. The permeable feature of aggregates can significantly enhance the collisions and flocculation between the aggregates and other small particles including algal cells in water.     

深圳市餐饮垃圾收运处置规划研究

文章对深圳市餐饮垃圾单独收运处置进行了规划研究,规划年限2006-2020年.通过对深圳市餐饮垃圾的产生、收运处置现状及存在的问题分析,提出了餐饮垃圾的收运模式以及采用厌氧消化制沼气的处置方式.此外,还提出了深圳市餐饮垃圾的管理建设思路.     

接地极雾化电晕放电旋风除尘器的实验研究

静电旋风除尘器的除尘效率高,占地面积小,安装方便,得到了广泛的应用。比较了接地极雾化电晕放电旋风除尘器,静电旋风除尘器和传统旋风除尘器的放电特性、捕集效率、分割粒径、分级效率和对高比电阻的适应能力。研究表明:首先,流量为80 m L/min时,接地极雾化电晕放电旋风除尘器的起晕电压和放电电流均优于静电旋风除尘器;其次,接地极雾化电晕放电旋风除尘器的分割粒径和分级效率都明显优于静电旋风除尘器,而分级效率更是较传统旋风除尘器提高了15%以上。最后,当粉尘的比电阻增大时,接地极雾化电晕放电旋风除尘器的收集效率保持稳定,几乎不随工作时间改变,而静电旋风除尘器的效率则随着工作时间的增加而降低。因此,接地极雾化电晕放电技术更有利于高比电阻粉尘的捕集,应用前景广阔。     

迁安市污水收集与处理效能定量评估

污水收集与处理效能直接影响合流制排水体制下的水安全和水环境,是海绵城市建设中需要解析评估的重要内容.以迁安市为例,建立覆盖"污染源—管网关键节点—污水处理厂"的监测网络,基于同步水量、水质监测结果,定量解析生活污水污染物排放系数和污水处理系统收集与处理效能,并定位问题管段具体位置和主要问题.结果表明:①合流制小区CODCr、NH3-N排放系数分别为43. 4、13. 3 g(人·d),分流制小区CODCr、NH3-N排放系数略高,分别为53. 1、14. 5 g(人·d).②受地下水、河水入渗的双重影响,生活污水从进入市政管网后污染物质量浓度大幅下降,保守估计下入渗率约为32. 5%,合流制管网截污干管至污水处理厂地下水、河水入渗量达到了14 471 m3d,分流制干管至污水处理厂地下水入渗量约为19 777 m3d.③污水处理厂进水水质指标均远小于设计进水水质,还存在C源不足、一部分比例的污水可生化性较差的特征,进水BOD5TN〔ρ(BOD5)ρ(TN)〕变化范围为0. 47～4. 32,平均值仅为1. 68.研究显示,地下水河水入渗严重降低污水收集处理效能,建议海绵城市建设中重视对于污水收集处理效能的摸底评估,并从污水处理系统设计和管网缺陷修复上大力整改.     

Variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration by planting Hevea brasiliensis in Hainan Island, China

The development of rubber industry depends on the sustainable management of rubber plantation. To evaluate the environmental effects of planting Hevea brasiliensis on a subsystem of tropical forest ecosystem, the variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration under rubber plantation within 30-year life period were investigated in Hainan Island. Results showed that （1） with the increase of stand age of rubber plantation, soil fertility decreased all along. From 1954 to 1995, soil organic matter, total N, available K and available P decreased by 48.2%, 54.1%, 56.7% and 64.1%, respectively. （2） If the complete return of litters was considered without additional fertilizer application to the soil of the rubber plantations, the consumption periods for P, N, K, Mg were only 825 years, 329 years, 94 years and 65 years, respectively~ To improve soil fertility is essential for rubber plantation development. （3） The C sequestration of rubber trees per hectare accounts for 272.08 t within 30-year life period and 57.91% of them was fixed in litters. In comparison with C sequestration by rain forest （234.305 t/hm^2） and by secondary rain forest （150.203 t/hm^2）, rubber forest has more potentials for C fixation. On the base of above results, the following measures would benefit the maintenance of soil fertility and the development of rubber industry, including applying fertilizer to maintain the balance of soil nutrients, intercropping leguminous plant to improve soil fertility, reducing the collection of litters, optimizing soil properties to improve element P availability such as applying CaCO3. The information gathered from the study can be used as baseline data for the sustainable management of rubber plantation elsewhere.     

家庭危险废物管理探讨

家庭产生的危险废物因产生量少、分布广泛、难以管理等原因,尚未纳入危险废物管理体系。家庭危险废物混同生活垃圾进行管理、处置,对地下水、大气、地表水、土壤产生污染。文章对美国及欧洲的家庭危险废物管理方法进行了系统分析,其管理措施为:在法律管理体系下,以分类收集为主,宣传教育为辅,采取无害化处置方式。我国目前对于家庭危险废物的管理尚处于起步阶段,相关的法律法规不健全,处理处置设施也不完善。文章基于对国外管理特点的分析,针对我国国情对家庭危险废物管理提出以下建议:建立相关的法律法规;进一步完善收集、运输和处置系统;通过教育宣传等方法提高全民对家庭危险废物的认识。     

Using a novel data linkage approach to investigate potential reductions in motor vehicle crash severity – An evaluation of strategic highway safety plan emphasis areas

Introduction: With the significant number of motor-vehicle fatalities occurring on the nation’s roadways in recent years, there exists a need to integrate a more complete range of data sources, available at a regional or statewide level, to effectively evaluate existing safety concerns and quantify their impacts. Crash data alone does not provide ample crash-associated citation, injury, and roadway characteristics; therefore, a more cohesive dataset is required to accurately and completely analyze the true impacts of motor-vehicle crashes. Previously developed strategies linked crash data with citation and roadway inventory data to enhance the identification and optimization of highway safety strategies. Method: The main objective of this research focused on developing a new deterministic linkage between crash and Emergency Medical Services (EMS) data, by utilizing the Massachusetts Crash Data System (CDS) and the Massachusetts Ambulance Trip Record Information System (MATRIS). Results: After several iterations of match criterion, the validated linkage successfully matched 58.3% of MATRIS records (containing an Injury Cause of Motor Vehicle Crash) to a CDS person record (55011 linked pairs, between 2014 and 2016). The data linkage provided significant insight into injury trends in several highway safety emphasis areas such as roadway departure, speeding-related, and distraction-affected crashes. The findings from this research are twofold: (1) an established process for linking previously separate data sets, and (2) a mechanism for analysis that provides decision-makers and safety professionals with a better measure of crash outcomes.