如何提高环境监测数据的质量

环境监测数据的质量是否具有代表性、准确性、精密性、可比性和完整性,将直接影响到环境监测为环境管理服务的质量、环境执法的公正性和严肃性以及政府环境决策的科学性,关系到科学发展观和国民经济可持续发展战略的正确实施,本文通过＂五性＂来谈一下如何提高监测数据的质量,也就是通过提高环境监测数据的代表性、准确性、精密性、可比性、完整性来提高数据质量,以期对同行有所启发。     

Data quality evaluation and calibration of on-road remote sensing systems based on exhaust plumes

In recent years, with rapid increases in the number of vehicles in China, the contribution of vehicle exhaust emissions to air pollution has become increasingly prominent. To achieve the precise control of emissions, on-road remote sensing (RS) technology has been developed and applied for law enforcement and supervision. However, data quality is still an existing issue affecting the development and application of RS. In this study, the RS data from a cross-road RS system used at a single site (from 2012 to 2015) were collected, the data screening process was reviewed, the issues with data quality were summarized, a new method of data screening and calibration was proposed, and the effectiveness of the improved data quality control methods was finally evaluated. The results showed that this method reduces the skewness and kurtosis of the data distribution by up to nearly 67%, which restores the actual characteristics of exhaust diffusion and is conducive to the identification of actual clean and high-emission vehicles. The annual variability of emission factors of nitric oxide decreases by 60% – on average – eliminating the annual drift of fleet emissions and improving data reliability.     

Advances in air pollution control for key industries in China during the 13th five-year plan

Industrial development is an essential foundation of the national economy, but the industry is also the largest source of air pollution, of which power plants, iron and steel, building materials, and other industries emit large amounts of pollutants. Therefore, the Chinese government has promulgated a series of stringent emission regulations, and it is against this backdrop that research into air pollution control technologies for key industrial sectors is in full swing. In particular, during the 13th Five-Year Plan, breakthroughs have been made in pollution control technology for key industrial sectors. A multi-pollutant treatment technology system of desulfurization, denitrification, and dust collection, which applies to key industries such as power plants, steel, and building materials, has been developed. High-performance materials for the treatment of different pollutants, such as denitrification catalysts and desulfurization absorbers, were developed. At the same time, multi-pollutant synergistic removal technologies for flue gas in various industries have also become a hot research topic, with important breakthroughs in the synergistic removal of NO_x, SO_x, and Hg. Due to the increasingly stringent emission standards and regulations in China, there is still a need to work on the development of multi-pollutant synergistic technologies and further research and development of synergistic abatement technologies for CO₂ to meet the requirements of ultra-low emissions in industrial sectors.     

针对工作流量为2 L·min-1的切割器的捕集效率评价研究

为了评价市面上不同工作流量的切割器,本研究搭建了一套基于静态箱法的切割器捕集效率评价系统,可调节切割器的采样流量,结合空气动力学粒径谱仪对不同工作流量的切割器进行捕集效率测量.通过使用8种粒径的单分散聚苯乙烯微球,对多个品牌的工作流量为2、3及16.67 L·min^-1的PM₁、PM_2.5及PM₁₀切割器进行了评价,得到其捕集效率为50%时的空气动力学粒径分别为1.12、2.52和10.39 μm（品牌一）;2.69和10.41 μm（品牌二）;2.56、10.43 μm（型号Dust trak）;1.04、2.51 μm（型号VSCC）.本研究对于评价不同流量、不同原理的切割器的性能、提高颗粒物监测结果的准确性具有一定的科学意义.     

A waste management planning based on substance flow analysis

The paper describes the results of a municipal solid waste management planning based on an extensive utilization of material and substance flow analysis, combined with the results of specific life cycle assessment studies. The mass flow rates of wastes and their main chemical elements were quantified with a view to providing scientific support to the decision-making process and to ensure that the technical inputs to this process are transparent and rigorous. The role of each waste management option (recycling chains, biological and thermal treatments), as well as that of different levels of household source separation and collection (SSC), was quantitatively determined. The plant requirements were consequently evaluated, by assessing the benefits afforded by the application of high quality SSC, biological treatment of the wet organic fraction, and thermal treatment of unsorted residual waste. Landfill volumes and greenhouse gas emissions are minimized, toxic organic materials are mineralized, heavy metals are concentrated in a small fraction of the total former solid waste volume, and the accumulation of atmophilic metals in the air pollution control residues allows new recycling schemes to be designed for metals. The results also highlight that the sustainability of very high levels of SSC is reduced by the large quantities of sorting and recycling residues, amounts of toxic substances in the recycled products, as well as logistic and economic difficulties of obtaining very high interception levels. The combination of material and substance flow analysis with an environmental assessment method such as life cycle assessment appears an attractive tool-box for comparing alternative waste management technologies and scenarios, and then to support waste management decisions on both strategic and operating levels.     

Effectiveness of the policy of circular economy in China: A DEA-based analysis for the period of 11th five-year-plan

As a policy instrument for sustainable development, nationwide circular economy (CE) mode has been implemented for 7 years by the Chinese government, to overcome the dilemma among economic depression, energy shortage and environmental pollution. Unfortunately, few literatures contribute to checking the efficiency of regional CE and exploring the potential reasons in China, which will be practically helpful in guiding China's future development and providing reference for other developing countries that will adopt CE mode. Therefore, this paper puts forward the method of super-efficiency DEA window analysis to dynamically evaluate CE efficiency of 30 regions in China covering the period of 2005–2010. In line with the features of CE, the specific efficiency of three sub-systems, namely resource saving and pollutant reducing (RSPR) sub-system, waste reusing and resource recycling (WRRR) sub-system and pollution controlling and waste disposing (PCWD) sub-system, was assessed and compared regarding time series trend and spatial distribution, based on which, the comprehensive CE efficiency was totally ranked. The results show that, on the one hand, during the period of 2005–2010, Chinese CE efficiency slightly increased, implying a significant policy effect of CE; on the other hand, the efficiency of different sub-systems varies, with RSPR sub-system the lowest, and WRRR and PCWD sub-systems relatively higher. In terms of regional distribution, the efficiency of RSPR sub-system in the east area dominates during the whole period. However, for the other two sub-systems, from 2005 to 2007, the efficiency scores of the east fluctuate, then after 2007, the east area became more efficient than the central and the west areas. Throughout the study period, the RSPR sub-system in the central area stably maintains low efficiency, and so does the WRRR sub-system in the west area. The difference in regional efficiency of three sub-systems reflects the difficulty of carrying out CE policy in China comprehensively, which means that, promoting the adaptability of regional policy for local government and enhancing the coordination among various policies for China's central government are the key concerns for realizing sustainable development.     

基于干湿分类优化的城市生活垃圾收运处理系统研究

为解决"垃圾围城"困境,在充分考量我国城市生活垃圾特点、居民生活垃圾分类能力以及垃圾处理可行方案的前提下,提出以干湿分类为基础,并对干垃圾进行二次分类的城市生活垃圾分类体系。基于此分类体系,对既有生活垃圾收运处理系统的优化调整进行了探讨,提出优化调整原则。最后,以郑州市为例,给出了城市生活垃圾收运处理系统优化调整的具体方案,并证明了新的城市生活垃圾分类体系,以及对城市生活垃圾收运处理系统的优化调整,在提高垃圾资源化率和减少填埋量方面的有效性。     

Simultaneous elimination of cyanotoxins and PCBs via mechanical collection of cyanobacterial blooms: An application of “green-bioadsorption concept”

In this study, the distribution, transfer and fate of both polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and cyanotoxins via phytoplankton routes were systematically investigated in two Chinese lakes. Results indicated that PCB adsorption/bioaccumulation dynamics has significantly positive correlations with the biomass of green alga and diatoms. Total lipid content of phytoplankton is the major factor that influences PCB adsorption/bioaccumulation. Cyanobacterial blooms with relatively lower lipid content could also absorb high amount of PCBs due to their high cell density in the water columns, and this process was proposed as major route for the transfer of PCBs in Chinese eutrophic freshwater. According to these findings, a novel route on fates of PCBs via phytoplankton and a green bioadsorption concept were proposed and confirmed. In the practice of mechanical collections of bloom biomass from Lake Taihu, cyanotoxin/cyanobacteria and PCBs were found to be removed simultaneously very efficiently followed this theory.     

Challenges to quantitative applications of Landsat observations for the urban thermal environment

Since the launch of its first satellite in 1972, the Landsat program has operated continuously for more than forty years. A large data archive collected by the Landsat program sig-nificantly benefits both the academic community and society. Thermal imagery from Landsat sensors, provided with relatively high spatial resolution, is suitable for monitoring urban thermal environment. Growing use of Landsat data in monitoring urban thermal environment is demonstrated by increasing publications on this subject, especially over the last decade. Urban thermal environment is usually delineated by land surface temperature (LST). However, the quantitative and accurate estimation of LST from Landsat data is still a challenge, especially for urban areas. This paper will discuss the main challenges for urban LST retrieval, including urban surface emissivity, atmospheric correction, radiometric calibration, and validation. In addition, we will discuss general challenges confronting the continuity of quantitative applications of Landsat observations. These challenges arise mainly from the scan line corrector failure of the Landsat 7 ETM + and channel differences among sensors. Based on these investigations, the concerns are to: (1) show general users the limitation and possible uncertainty of the retrieved urban LST from the single thermal channel of Landsat sensors; (2) emphasize efforts which should be done for the quantitative applications of Landsat data; and (3) understand the potential challenges for the continuity of Landsat observation (i.e., thermal infrared) for global change monitoring, while several climate data record programs being in progress.     

基于水足迹强度的江苏省水资源利用效率分析

水足迹强度是可以量化水资源利用效率的指标,文章在计算江苏省水足迹的基础上,选取6项水足迹强度指标,分部门比较各地市水资源利用效率的差异,并基于ESDA研究水足迹强度的空间自相关性,构建空间集聚图。研究表明:2002~2014年江苏省各市水足迹总体呈现上升趋势,水资源压力增大;总体上苏南和苏北地区的农业水足迹强度都偏高,农业水资源利用效率低;苏南地区工业产值高但耗水量大,因此工业水足迹强度也偏高;苏北地区的灰水足迹强度偏高,水资源压力较大;江苏省水足迹强度具有不断增强的全局自相关性,地市出现集聚现象,不同地市的集聚分布也日益明显;大部分苏北地区属于高高集聚并且向外扩张,低低集聚主要分布在苏南地区。研究结果为政府部门分析地市间水资源利用效率差异,制定高效的水资源利用政策等提供依据。