空气中沙尘粒子粒度监测方法研究

目的研究适用于空气中沙尘粒子粒度监测方法。方法对比研究迎风拦截采集和沉降采集两种采样方式的采集效果和样本差异,讨论湿法激光粒度分析法和扫描电镜粒度分析法两种方法的准确性和适用性。结果沉降采集获得的样品量要大于迎风拦截采集,两种采集方式获得样品的粒度分布也存在显著差异。在沙尘样本粒度分析上,湿法激光粒度分析较扫描电镜分析更为适用。结论可结合沉降采集与迎风拦截采集进行沙尘样本采集,利用湿法激光粒度分析掌握其粒度分布。     

颗粒物再悬浮采样器研制与应用

研制了颗粒物再悬浮采样器,阐述了颗粒物再悬浮采样器的工作原理及系统结构。对颗粒物再悬浮采样器的PM10和PM2·5捕集效率以及采样时间进行了研究分析,选取了颗粒物再悬浮采样器合适的采样时间。     

国家级水环境监测数据传输平台构想

设计的新型国家级水环境监测数据传输系统,将集成现有环境监测数据传输软件的思想,提取现有和未来环境监测数据传输业务的共性需求,设计了具有良好扩展性、通用性的系统架构,充分满足环境监测部门数据传输需求,保障水环境监测数据在各个数据中心之间规范有序地传输,实现系统高度集成互联互通、信息资源充分共享、环保业务紧密互动。     

一种优化的环境测点信息管理模型及其在环境质量数据管理系统中的应用

分析了环境质量数据管理系统中环境测点信息管理存在的问题。针对地理空间、时间、环境管理服务功能类别三类影响因素,提出了一种灵活、高适应性、结构和层次清晰的基础点位信息管理架构———三维矩阵单元式测点信息管理模型,在信息系统开发中有效地实现了通过通用化的环境测点子集机制来把特定的环境质量数据查询需求转化为数据提取的规范化、结构化流程,较好地解决了环境质量数据为环境管理服务的柔性适应性问题。     

城市垃圾分类回收中的循环经济

在分析我国城市垃圾现状的基础上,从资源、环境和社会可持续发展的角度,提出应在遵循循环经济的"三R"原则基础上对城市垃圾进行分类、收集、处理,并论述了实现措施.     

Attitude towards the incorporation of the selective collection of biowaste in a municipal solid waste management system. A case study

European waste legislation has been encouraging for years the incorporation of selective collection systems for the biowaste fraction. European countries are therefore incorporating it into their current municipal solid waste management (MSWM) systems. However, this incorporation involves changes in the current waste management habits of households. In this paper, the attitude of the public towards the incorporation of selective collection of biowaste into an existing MSWM system in a Spanish municipality is analysed. A semi-structured telephone interview was used to obtain information regarding aspects such as: level of participation in current waste collection systems, willingness to participate in selective collection of biowaste, reasons and barriers that affect participation, willingness to pay for the incorporation of the selective collection of biowaste and the socioeconomic characteristics of citizens who are willing to participate and pay for selective collection of biowaste. The results showed that approximately 81% of the respondents were willing to participate in selective collection of biowaste. This percentage would increase until 89% if the Town Council provided specific waste bins and bags, since the main barrier to participate in the new selective collection system is the need to use specific waste bin and bags for the separation of biowaste. A logit response model was applied to estimate the average willingness to pay, obtaining an estimated mean of 7.5% on top of the current waste management annual tax. The relationship of willingness to participate and willingness to pay for the implementation of this new selective collection with the socioeconomic variables (age, gender, size of the household, work, education and income) was analysed. Chi-square independence tests and binary logistic regression was used for willingness to participate, not being obtained any significant relationship. Chi-square independence tests, ordinal logistic regression and ordinary linear regression was applied for willingness to pay, obtaining statistically significant relationship for most of the socioeconomic variables.     

Statistical analysis in MSW collection performance assessment

The increase of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated over the last years forces waste managers pursuing more effective collection schemes, technically viable, environmentally effective and economically sustainable. The assessment of MSW services using performance indicators plays a crucial role for improving service quality. In this work, we focus on the relevance of regular system monitoring as a service assessment tool. In particular, we select and test a core-set of MSW collection performance indicators (effective collection distance, effective collection time and effective fuel consumption) that highlights collection system strengths and weaknesses and supports pro-active management decision-making and strategic planning. A statistical analysis was conducted with data collected in mixed collection system of Oporto Municipality, Portugal, during one year, a week per month. This analysis provides collection circuits’ operational assessment and supports effective short-term municipality collection strategies at the level of, e.g., collection frequency and timetables, and type of containers.     

Improving collection efficiency through remote monitoring of charity assets

Collection costs associated with servicing a major UK charity’s donation banks and collecting unsold goods from their retail shops can account for up to 20% of the overall income gained. Bank and shop collections are commingled and are typically made on fixed days of the week irrespective of the amounts of materials waiting to be collected. Using collection records from a major UK charity, this paper considers what vehicle routing and scheduling benefits could accrue if bank and shop servicing requirements were monitored, the former using remote sensing technology to allow more proactive collection scheduling. A vehicle routing and scheduling algorithm employing tabu search methods was developed, and suggested time and distance savings of up to 30% over the current fixed schedules when a minimum bank and shop fill level of between 50% and 60% was used as a collection trigger. For the case study investigated, this led to a potential revenue gain of 5% for the charity and estimated CO₂ savings of around 0.5 tonnes per week across the fleet of six heterogeneous vehicles.     

The consumption and recycling collection system of PET bottles: A case study of Beijing,China

After studying the recycling collection system of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles worldwide, the authors conducted an intercept survey in Beijing. Two separate questionnaires were issued, one questionnaire to PET bottle consumers and one to PET bottle recyclers. In this study, consumers are defined as people that consume PET-bottled beverages in their daily life. Recyclers were defined as those involved in the collection and recycling of PET bottles. These include scavengers, itinerant waste buyers, small community waste-buying depots, medium/large redemption depots, and recycling companies. In total, 580 surveys were completed, including 461 by consumers and 119 by recyclers. The authors found that consumption of PET bottles in Beijing was nearly 100,000 tonnes in 2012. Age, occupation, gender, and education were identified as significant factors linked to PET-bottled beverage consumption, while income was not a significant factor. 90% Of post-consumed PET bottles were collected by informal collectors (i.e., scavengers and itinerant waste buyers). The survey also found that nearly all PET bottles were reprocessed by small factories that were not designed with pollution control equipment, which allows them to offer higher prices for waste recyclable bottles. As Beijing is trying to build a formal recycling collection system for recyclables, subsidies should be given to the formal recycling sector rather than being charged land use fees, and attention should also be given to informal recyclers that make their living from the collection of recyclables. Informal and formal sectors may work together by employing the scavengers and itinerant waste buyers for the formal sectors. In addition to the recycling of PET bottles, concern should also be allocated to reduce consumption, especially among young people, as they, compared to other groups, have a stronger demand for PET-bottled beverages and will be the main body of society.