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571.
572.
573.
Inorganic pollution comprises both major and minor constituents, although only 12 chemical elements may be considered major components. Twenty‐eight elements constitute a group of common minor elements and an additional 13 elements comprise a group of less common minor constituents. Reliable quantitative data are required on the occurrence of these substances in a wide variety of water types, usually at extremely low concentrations. The analysis of standard reference water samples provides information on the overall reliability of water‐quality data. Although most major constituents may be determined with acceptable reliability, determinations of certain minor constituents lack comparable precision; for example, determinations of boron, nickel, and chromium. Few precision data are available on the determination of the less common trace elements. Several comparatively new analytical techniques, such as flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry, voltammetry, and emission spectroscopy with plasma excitation, appear capable of providing improved sensitivity. 相似文献
574.
With the growth of academic institutions, the number of labs handling hazardous chemicals has increased. Although the chemicals used in academic institutions are well-known, the dosage, usage, and management of these chemicals pose significant threat to researchers at all levels. As a step towards incident prevention, a laboratory incident database was developed to record incidents at universities and secondary schools. The data consisted of 128 entries occurring during the years 2012–2015. Incidents were classified by institution type, hazard type, consequences, substance type, body parts injured and direct causes. Of 128 incidents, 65% of the incidents were taking place in universities. Chemical spills were observed to be the most recurrent hazard type contributing to 45% of the incidents following by explosions (23%) and fires (21%). The consequence which most frequently occurred in incidents was personal injury and hazmat response contributing to 22% each. It was observed that in 41% of the incidents, the body parts injured in the incident was not known or reported. Of the total 128 incidents, about 50 incidents occurred due to improper storage and handling. 相似文献
575.
文章以河南青浦合金材料有限公司2座580m^3高炉贮矿槽除尘共用一台1450m^2的长袋低压脉冲袋式除尘器的总体设计方案为例,结合实践分析了高炉贮矿槽除尘系统的特点,总结并改进了整个除尘系统中的设计缺陷和制作结构,使该除尘系统得到了成功应用。 相似文献
576.
Kari E. Gunson Anthony P. Clevenger Adam T. Ford John A. Bissonette Amanda Hardy 《Environmental management》2009,44(2):268-277
Wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVCs) pose a significant safety and conservation concern in areas where high-traffic roads are
situated adjacent to wildlife habitat. Improving transportation safety, accurately planning highway mitigation, and identifying
key habitat linkage areas may all depend on the quality of WVC data collection. Two common approaches to describe the location
of WVCs are spatially accurate data derived from global positioning systems (GPS) or vehicle odometer measurements and less
accurate road-marker data derived from reference points (e.g., mile-markers or landmarks) along the roadside. In addition,
there are two common variable types used to predict WVC locations: (1) field-derived, site-specific measurements and (2) geographic
information system (GIS)-derived information. It is unclear whether these different approaches produce similar results when
attempting to identify and explain the location of WVCs. Our first objective was to determine and compare the spatial error
found in road-marker data (in our case the closest mile-marker) and landmark-referenced data. Our second objective was to
evaluate the performance of models explaining high- and low-probability WVC locations, using congruent, spatially accurate
(<3-m) and road-marker (<800-m) response variables in combination with field- and GIS-derived explanatory variables. Our WVC
data sets were comprised of ungulate collisions and were located along five major roads in the central Canadian Rocky Mountains.
We found that spatial error (mean ± SD) was higher for WVC data referenced to nearby landmarks (516 ± 808 m) than for data
referenced to the closest mile-marker data (401 ± 219 m). The top-performing model using the spatially accurate WVC locations
contained all explanatory variable types, whereas GIS-derived variables were only influential in the best road-marker model
and the spatially accurate reduced model. Our study showed that spatial error and sample size, using road-marker data for
ungulate species, are important to consider for model output interpretation, which will impact the appropriate scale on which
to apply modeling results. Using road-marker references <1.6 km or GPS-derived data locations may represent an optimal compromise
between data acquisition costs and analytical performance.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
577.
Western European landscapes have drastically changed since the 1950s, with agricultural intensifications and the spread of
urban settlements considered the most important drivers of this land-use/land-cover change. Losses of habitat for fauna and
flora have been a direct consequence of this development. In the present study, we relate butterfly occurrence to land-use/land-cover
changes over five decades between 1951 and 2000. The study area covers the entire Swiss territory. The 10 explanatory variables
originate from agricultural statistics and censuses. Both state as well as rate was used as explanatory variables. Species
distribution data were obtained from natural history collections. We selected eight butterfly species: four species occur
on wetlands and four occur on dry grasslands. We used cluster analysis to track land-use/land-cover changes and to group communes
based on similar trajectories of change. Generalized linear models were applied to identify factors that were significantly
correlated with the persistence or disappearance of butterfly species. Results showed that decreasing agricultural areas and
densities of farms with more than 10 ha of cultivated land are significantly related with wetland species decline, and increasing
densities of livestock seem to have favored disappearance of dry grassland species. Moreover, we show that species declines
are not only dependent on land-use/land-cover states but also on the rates of change; that is, the higher the transformation rate from small to large farms, the higher the loss of dry grassland species.
We suggest that more attention should be paid to the rates of landscape change as feasible drivers of species change and derive
some management suggestions. 相似文献
578.
Anna Bernstad 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(7):1317-1323
Two different strategies aiming at increasing household source-separation of food waste were assessed through a case-study in a Swedish residential area (a) use of written information, distributed as leaflets amongst households and (b) installation of equipment for source-segregation of waste with the aim of increasing convenience food waste sorting in kitchens. Weightings of separately collected food waste before and after distribution of written information suggest that this resulted in neither a significant increased amount of separately collected food waste, nor an increased source-separation ratio. After installation of sorting equipment in households, both the amount of separately collected food waste as well as the source-separation ratio increased vastly. Long-term monitoring shows that results where longstanding. Results emphasize the importance of convenience and existence of infrastructure necessary for source-segregation of waste as important factors for household waste recycling, but also highlight the need of addressing these aspects where waste is generated, i.e. already inside the household. 相似文献
579.
Martijn Mes Marco Schutten Arturo Pérez Rivera 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(9):1564-1576
We consider the problem of collecting waste from sensor equipped underground containers. These sensors enable the use of a dynamic collection policy. The problem, which is known as a reverse inventory routing problem, involves decisions regarding routing and container selection. In more dense networks, the latter becomes more important. To cope with uncertainty in deposit volumes and with fluctuations due to daily and seasonal effects, we need an anticipatory policy that balances the workload over time. We propose a relatively simple heuristic consisting of several tunable parameters depending on the day of the week. We tune the parameters of this policy using optimal learning techniques combined with simulation. We illustrate our approach using a real life problem instance of a waste collection company, located in The Netherlands, and perform experiments on several other instances. For our case study, we show that costs savings up to 40% are possible by optimizing the parameters. 相似文献
580.
Kelsea A. Schumacher Thomas Schumacher Lawrence Agbemabiese 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(11):2321-2326
The cessation of production and replacement of cathode ray tube (CRT) displays with flat screen displays have resulted in the proliferation of CRTs in the electronic waste (e-waste) recycle stream. However, due to the nature of the technology and presence of hazardous components such as lead, CRTs are the most challenging of electronic components to recycle. In the State of Delaware it is due to this challenge and the resulting expense combined with the large quantities of CRTs in the recycle stream that electronic recyclers now charge to accept Delaware’s e-waste. Therefore it is imperative that the Delaware Solid Waste Authority (DSWA) understand future quantities of CRTs entering the waste stream. This study presents the results of an assessment of CRT obsolescence in the State of Delaware. A prediction model was created utilizing publicized sales data, a variety of lifespan data as well as historic Delaware CRT collection rates. Both a deterministic and a probabilistic approach using Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) were performed to forecast rates of CRT obsolescence to be anticipated in the State of Delaware. Results indicate that the peak of CRT obsolescence in Delaware has already passed, although CRTs are anticipated to enter the waste stream likely until 2033. 相似文献