我国包装废物的分类收集模式

针对塑料类、纸类和金属类等典型包装废物,采用3种包装废物分类收集模式,并在3个居民小区进行示范. 3种分类收集模式为:①自然状态;②在小区进行分类收集的宣传教育;③在宣传教育的同时由专业人员对小区生活垃圾进行分类. 采用物质流分析的跟踪观察法,通过问卷调查、现场采样和入户采访,对不同模式下各类包装废物的产生量、回收量与回收率等废物流数据进行统计,得到包装废物从产生、回收到再利用和最终处置的物流分析图. 结果表明:自然状态下包装废物也有一定的回收率,即我国现有的回收体系对包装废物的分类收集有一定的效果;不同类型包装废物的主要回收环节不同,纸类和金属类包装废物在家庭的回收率较高,而塑料类包装废物的回收主要依赖社会人员分拣;辅以宣传教育等方式,回收价值低、分类收集难度大的包装废物也能得到有效回收.      

湛江东海岛春季海雾雾水化学特性分析

利用湛江1951~2010年地面观测资料及2010年3月15日~4月20日在湛江东海岛6次海雾观测数据,分析了湛江海雾发生的规律和雾水化学特性.结果表明,湛江海雾属于酸性海雾,pH值变化范围从4.80~6.05.海雾发生初期的电导率比雾发生期间高很多,说明海雾发生的初始阶段雾水中溶解了大量的污染物.对样本的电导率与pH值进行非线性拟合,相关系数为0.61,表明存在一定的相关性.湛江东海岛雾中各离子浓度很高,与其他城市相比较,湛江海雾阴离子Cl-和NO3-很高,特别是Cl-达13000μmol/L,但SO42-不高;阳离子中Na+很高.电导率比其他城市偏高.Ca2+和Mg2+的离子浓度较高,主要是受近地表土壤(主要是钙和铁的碳酸盐)尘埃影响.在雾过程的前期,雾水中各离子成分浓度最高,雾过程期间浓度偏低.各种离子浓度与雾的类型有关.     

厨余垃圾与粪便现场处理工艺研究及设计

提供一套厨余垃圾与粪便的现场处理工艺,并根据单元小试研究数据研制出中试装置,用于模拟处理一个单元居民楼的厨余垃圾与粪便。设计处理量0. 2t d ,包括真空收集、固形物厌氧消化、消化污泥造粒制肥、混合污水的厌氧好氧处理等整套处理工艺,实现了厨余垃圾及粪便的源头收集、现场减量处理,同时可产出菌肥和沼气。     

脉冲放电脱硫产物的收集

实验结果表明利用给反应器加直流基压收集脱硫产物是可行的．产物收集效率随直流基压和停留时间的增加而增加,在本实验条件下,最高收集效率达到９５．１％ ．加直流基压后,脉冲电压、电流波形基本不变,放电增强,脱硫效果提高．加直流基压可使反应器在脱硫的同时有效收集产物．     

Modelling predation by transient leopard seals for an ecosystem-based management of Southern Ocean fisheries

Correctly quantifying the impacts of rare apex marine predators is essential to ecosystem-based approaches to fisheries management, where harvesting must be sustainable for targeted species and their dependent predators. This requires modelling the uncertainty in such processes as predator life history, seasonal abundance and movement, size-based predation, energetic requirements, and prey vulnerability. We combined these uncertainties to evaluate the predatory impact of transient leopard seals on a community of mesopredators (seals and penguins) and their prey at South Georgia, and assess the implications for an ecosystem-based management. The mesopredators are highly dependent on Antarctic krill and icefish, which are targeted by regional fisheries. We used a state-space formulation to combine (1) a mark-recapture open-population model and individual identification data to assess seasonally variable leopard seal arrival and departure dates, numbers, and residency times; (2) a size-based bioenergetic model; and (3) a size-based prey choice model from a diet analysis. Our models indicated that prey choice and consumption reflected seasonal changes in leopard seal population size and structure, size-selective predation and prey vulnerability. A population of 104 (90–125) leopard seals, of which 64% were juveniles, consumed less than 2% of the Antarctic fur seal pup production of the area (50% of total ingested energy, IE), but ca. 12–16% of the local gentoo penguin population (20% IE). Antarctic krill (28% IE) were the only observed food of leopard seal pups and supplemented the diet of older individuals. Direct impacts on krill and fish were negligible, but the “escapement” due to leopard seal predation on fur seal pups and penguins could be significant for the mackerel icefish fishery at South Georgia. These results suggest that: (1) rare apex predators like leopard seals may control, and may depend on, populations of mesopredators dependent on prey species targeted by fisheries; and (2) predatory impacts and community control may vary throughout the predator's geographic range, and differ across ecosystems and management areas, depending on the seasonal abundance of the prey and the predator's dispersal movements. This understanding is important to integrate the predator needs as natural mortality of its prey in models to set prey catch limits for fisheries. Reliable estimates of the variability of these needs are essential for a precautionary interpretation in the context of an ecosystem-based management.     

对喷流除尘技术在收集硫酸铵和硝酸铵粉尘中的应用研究

对喷流除尘技术利用粉尘颗粒在撞击区内来回振荡、相互碰撞并团聚的机理进行除尘.实验采用水平式对喷流除尘系统收集硫酸铵和硝酸铵的混合物粉尘,主要考察喷嘴气流速度、含尘浓度和喷雾化水润湿含尘气流对除尘效率的影响,并进行机理分析.实验表明,除尘效率随喷嘴风速的增大而升高,但喷嘴风速超过25～27 m/s后,反而下降;除尘效率随含尘浓度的增加而升高,但含尘浓度超过0 45～0.55 kg/m3后反而有所降低;喷雾化润湿含尘气流能显著提高除尘效率,最优耗水量为0.18～0.22 kg/kg粉尘,超过该值后无显著变化.实验确定的最优除尘条件为:喷嘴速度25～27 m/s、含尘浓度0.45～0.55 kg/m3、耗水量0.18～0 22 kg/kg粉尘,除尘效率最高可达96.8%.     

降尘收集方法对沙尘理化性质的影响及环境意义

利用建立在腾格里沙漠东南缘的中国科学院风沙观测场内收集的降尘,分析了不同降尘收集方法收集的降尘粒度、化学元素含量、富集因子、硅铝率和硅铝铁率,旨在优化干旱区降尘收集方法、确定我国的沙尘源区.降尘物质的微量元素Ba的含量最大,可达255~474μg/g, Nd的含量为0.3~9.6μg/g;常量元素SiO2的含量最大,79.30%, MgO含量最小,0.98%.微量元素的富集因子值在0~3之间,但常量元素差异较大.结果表明,减速法和湿法收集的降尘从粒度分布、化学元素含量、富集因子、硅铝率和硅铝铁率等方面均具有一致性.平均粒径湿法最细(Φ值2.84),干法最粗(Φ值2.46).因此,减速法能够作为代替湿法在干旱区进行收集降尘的方法.同时,由降尘的地球化学性质可知,西北干旱区沙漠是我国的主要沙尘源区之一.     

上海大气冷凝水化学特性分析

2011年3月8日至4月11日期间利用新研制的大气冷凝水采样器收集了上海大气冷凝水样品.从冷凝水的化学组成及常见大气湿沉降的比较、冷凝水离子间的相关性、冷凝水离子浓度随时间变化等方面,分析了上海大气冷凝水的化学特性.结果表明,上海大气冷凝水pH值介于6.1~7.2,加权均值为6.5,多呈弱酸性;NH4+和SO42-是含量最高的2种离子,浓度分别为139.7μeq/L和125.7μeq/L,SO42-是主要致酸离子;NO2-含量为9.9μeq/L,比NO3-(9.5μeq/L)略高,且所有冷凝水样品中NO2-检出率为100%;4种低分子量有机酸MSA-(6.0μeq/L)、CH3COO-(5.9μeq/L)、C2O42-(3.9μeq/L)和HCOO-(3.7μeq/L)占阴离子总量的8.5%,含量远高于上海雨水;Ca2+(19.2μeq/L,4.0%)、Mg2+(4.9μeq/L,1.0%)含量比同期雾水低2~3个数量级;冷凝水离子浓度随时间变化较大,这与光化学反应、春季逆温等有关.     

面向客户的特种设备数据服务平台研发与应用

特种设备数据服务平台是基于B／S结构开发的信息管理系统,能面向客户并实现监察机构、检验机构、使用机构三方数据联动,把客户特种设备管理、收费系统、网上报检、历年检验报告查询、检验进度查询、委托业务管理、用户点对点资料传输等实现一站式服务。项目的应用为监察机构、检验机构和企业实现数据资源高效管理,简化业务办理流程,加强企业对特种设备管理的力度提供技术支持。     

Assessment of key parameters in municipal solid waste management: a prerequisite for sustainability

Municipal solid waste management was studied for 1 year in a representative urban area of Lahore city for environmental sustainability. The effects of financial status of the household and the seasonal variations on generation rate and compositions of municipal solid waste (MSW) were determined. MSW generation rate and the economic status of the households were positively correlated (p < 0.05). Seasonal variations observed were significant only for organics (p = 0.001), plastics (p = 0.008) and food waste fractions (p = 0.009) in MSW. Response surface regression model developed and analysed by Minitab-15® showed that the interaction of season and different economic zones of the town on the MSW generation rate was non-significant (p = 0.334). Elemental and heating value analyses of the mixed organic fractions in kitchen waste had carbon 47.93%, hydrogen 6.20%, nitrogen 2.24%, sulphur 0.23%, oxygen 39.01%, and C and N ratio 27.78. Findings concluded that food waste was 56% of total MSW with 71.03% moisture content and a modest heating value of 5566 J/g. Existing temporary storage capacity of MSW is 51% of the total MSW generated considering the weighted MSW generation rate of 0.57 kg/person/day calculated in this study. Composting could be a possible final disposal option due to high moisture and organic content and can be studied in future research. Development of a transfer station, introduction of home composting programmes and awareness towards proper segregation and reduction of waste at the household level is suggested to attain sustainability in the MSW management system.