Safety rules: procedural freedom or action constraint?

The paper presents a partial classification of safety rules as constraints imposed from outside on the freedom of choice of individuals or companies. The classification is linked to the Reason model of skill-, rule-, and knowledge-based behaviour. The imposition of constraints is related to a number of criteria concerning the context and use of the rules to arrive at proposals for when and where to apply what type of rule. To illustrate the principles discussed an example is given of the rule from the Dutch Working Environment legislation concerning the requirement to use “current state of the art in prevention” in companies. The paper proposes providing procedural rule support to companies on how to meet the rule, in the form of a data bank of practicable solutions to health and safety problems.     

人员可靠性分析及人员可靠性数据管理系统研究

人员可靠性在系统可靠性计算中占的比重越来越大 ,人因失误事件的分析及其管理也成为安全管理的重要组成部分。为更加有效、准确地进行人员可靠性分析和人因失误事件的管理 ,提高系统的安全性 ,建立一个人员可靠性分析及人员可靠性数据管理系统是非常必要的 :首先为人员可靠性分析和人因事件管理提供一个有用的计算机辅助工具 ;再者通过建立具有一定规模的人员可靠性数据库 ,以便为今后进一步的研究提供良好的数据支持。笔者简述了该系统的一些基本原理和实现的主要功能。     

网站信息的安全策略研究

网站是信息的发布中心 ,其数据库中存放着大量的供用户共享的重要信息 ,因此 ,网站信息安全是网站建设和运行过程中应该充分考虑和重视的问题。笔者从信息之源 (数据库 )、数据库运行环境 (操作系统 )以及信息发布平台 (Web服务器 ) 3个方面 ,论述了网站信息安全问题 ,并结合当前流行的实用系统 ,阐述了网站信息的安全策略     

化工园区环境风险源监控平台设计研究

采用NET框架,以ArcGIS为平台核心,应用数据库SQL Server对化工园区环境风险源进行监控系统设计,并针对化工园区进行功能和数据库设计,构建了化工园区环境风险源监控平台,为化工园区环境风险源提出了有效的管理方法。     

ARC/INFO对外部数据库的动态访问

利用ARC/INFO的DATABASEINTEGRATOR模块功能,实现了在ARC/INFO环境对外部数据库的动态访问?该文就动态连接?访问外部库的条件和方法进行了论述?      

松花江哈尔滨段藻类植物分布及其与环境因子的关系

松花江哈尔滨段流域是哈尔滨市重要的水源地,也是松花江重要的组成部分,其生态环境问题一直受到国内外学者密切关注,且近年来松花江哈尔滨段水体改善程度较为明显,流域内水体变化程度越来越受到相关学者和民众的重视,研究松花江哈尔滨段水体变化趋势意义明显。该研究的创新性在于运用典范对应分析(CCA)探究藻类植物与环境因子变化的关系,并运用欧洲硅藻数据库(EDDI)验证主要环境因子的准确性。国内现行的一些常规理化指标单独评价水体质量较为单一,不能更好地满足现行的水环境管理要求,并且对于水环境的变化反应效果及准确度较低。该研究运用相关理化指标数据和藻类植物的种类及丰度等的年际变化,实现从单一理化指标评价改善为理化和生物指标双重评价,从而更加具体地反映出松花江哈尔滨段水体状况的变化趋势。     

环境介质中有机污染物非靶向筛查技术研究进展

随着质谱质量精度的不断提高和物质数据库的扩大,高通量非靶向筛查技术快速发展,为组成复杂的环境介质中污染物的识别分析提供了有效手段。综述了环境分析中非靶向筛查技术［气相色谱-高分辩率质谱法（GC-HRMS）和液相色谱-高分辨率质谱法（LC-HRMS）］的研究进展,包括样品的前处理方法、非靶向分析平台、数据分析及存在的问题。简述了非靶向筛查技术在分析环境水样、沉积物样品及土壤样品中的应用,并提出该技术存在的问题和应用前景。     

环境应急信息管理平台

环境应急信息管理平台是以信息化技术手段作为支撑的、面向环境应急事件的综合性的信息管理、事态预测、应急决策系统。系统以GIS为基础,可以快速地了解突发环境事件的发展状况,同时通过对环境背景数据库、空间信息数据库、环境应急专项数据库中的相关知识与数据进行综合分析,建立污染物扩散模型以及辅助决策模型,为决策者快速提供一个直观、科学、合理、优化的应急处置方案和指挥调度方案,并能够为事件后期评估、科学制定善后处理措施提供必要保障。     

Process industry accidents in Sri Lanka: Analysis and basic lessons learnt

Accidents in the process industry could be prevented or reduced by having good safety management measures. Such preventive measures could be further improved through the experiences and lessons learnt from past accidents. Therefore, analysis results of past accidents are valuable sources of information for determining root causes and as case material to prevent and reduce the adverse consequences of accidents in the process industry.This paper looks at accidents in the process industry that have occurred in the past 10 years from 1997 to 2006 in Sri Lanka to gain an understanding of the nature and consequences of accidents. Lessons and main areas of concern to improve safety in the Sri Lanka process industry are discussed. The analysis is done for different event types based on specific operating process stage during which the accident occurred such as processing, loading and unloading, repair and maintenance and storage, the immediate effect types such as fire, explosion, chemical releases and emissions and the consequences of each accident. Fire incidents were observed in 38 accidents analyzed. The results show that the highest number of accidents has occurred during processing operations followed by accidents during maintenance and repair work. The cause analysis shows that many accidents have occurred due to technical and human failures.The accidents are then classified according to the severity of the consequences in order to compare the nature of accidents experienced in Sri Lanka with respect to accidents in other countries in the world.     

Accidents: A discrepancy between indicators and facts!

Despite, the overwhelming amount of currently available safety management systems (and accompanying tools) accidents with hazardous substances still occur every now and then in the process industries.In this paper a large number of recently occurred accidents in the process industries are analysed showing that reoccurring disruptions during daily operation were present in the causal path of these accidents. The reoccurring disruptions can be seen as pre-warning signals. Their existence forms a gap with the common proactive safety indicators. This gap exists of information, already present and available in daily operation, of which it is UNKNOWN (to the local assessor) that it may lead to unsafe situations/accidents, e.g. maintenance backlogs, quality reports, etc.It is argued that these reoccurring events should be considered to be included in the safety indicators after assessment by an extended body of knowledge, because these events seem to become increasingly important regarding the prevention of accidents that still occur nowadays.