一种面向中小企业的LCA软件开发思想及开发实践

针对目前LCA应用仅局限于研究机构和大型企业,而中小企业环境压力更大的现状,提出了一种将LCA理论应用于中小企业的新方法,模板化LCA(TDLCA),给出了其定义,讨论了模板化LCA实施的理论基础,模板建立的方式,并在此基础上开发了面向中小企业的产品生命周期评价软件SME-LCA。SME-LCA在保证评价结果准确性的前提下,软件操作难度大大降低,节省了评价时间,提高了LCA的执行效率。TDLCA结合了LCA研究人员和中小企业的产品开发人员两方面的优势,是将LCA理论应用于中小企业的有效方法。     

企业推广使用“有效益的企业环境管理”的意义

有效益的环境成本管理（EoCM）作为一种环境管理工具,适用于对发展中国家中小企业的咨询服务,可以市场化运行,旨在通过切实可行的改进措施,使企业持续获得“三赢”效益,即降低生产成本、提高环境绩效以及增强组织管理能力。     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Interactions between scientific uncertainty and flood management decisions: Two case studies in Colorado

Flood management policies in the United States rely on scientific information about the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation and runoff. Yet, the available information is inherently uncertain because of the complexity of meteorological and hydrological processes. In mountainous areas, flood risk can vary greatly even within short distances depending on local climate, topography, soil characteristics, and land use. This paper describes two Colorado cases in which policy makers were presented with conflicting scientific estimates: revision of the Fort Collins floodplain map and modification of the Cherry Creek Dam. The case studies demonstrate that uncertainty can have substantial impacts on regulatory processes, public safety, and costs. The analysis considers the differing perspectives of various participants in the flood management processes, illustrating the interplay between uncertainties attributable to scientific issues and values issues. It suggests that attempts to provide a single “best” estimate do not necessarily meet the decision needs of all stakeholders. Conclusions indicate a need to improve communication about uncertainty when scientific estimates areprovided to decision makers. Furthermore, in highly controversial decisions, it may be necessary to reframe the discussion to consider the values issues raised by scientific uncertainty.     

Environmental emergency decision support system based on Artificial Neural Network

We present a general methodology for developing environmental emergency decision support systems (EEDSS) based on an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). We highlight the method for developing the system using an illustrative example of an unexpected atmospheric accident with an ANN prototype system for a district in Shanghai. The network architecture of the ANN is introduced. Then the development process and key technologies are addressed. The procedures for matching the environmental emergency decision support characteristics are as follows: (1) digitization (coding) of case information and emergency measures, in which the information of cases are divided into the input attributes and decision-making information, and standardized and digitized through the Feature Evaluation (FE) method and the Intensity Hierarchical (IH) method, respectively; (2) construction of environmental emergency ANN, in which Gradient Descent with Momentum and Adaptive Learning Rate (GDMALR) method (traingdx function), a modified back-propagation algorithm, is employed to do training; and (3) translation (decoding) of decision-making information, in which output data of ANN is interpreted into practical contingency measures with Translation Based on Conventional Import Ratios (TBCIR) method. The training features, time, errors, accuracy, and input attribute weights of the prototype system are analyzed. The usage of the prototype system is demonstrated through a hypothetical case. This article encounters the challenge of ANN’s own lack of training samples. We discuss to the concept of integrating Case-Based Reasoning (CBR), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and ANN to overcome this difficulty and form a technology system for generating useful decision support information for environmental emergency response.     

机床再制造产业发展国际比较及其启示

机床再制造属于节能环保型新兴产业,我国的机床再制造产业发展与发达国家相比有着较大差距。通过对国内外机床再制造产业发展现状进行比较,寻求促进产业发展的途径,提出了自主创新、优质品牌和两化融合等三大战略,以及注重调整产业结构、有效开展技术创新、着力提升生产水平、切实加强品牌建设、积极开拓营销渠道和全面实施节能环保等六大举措。     

An IT perspective on integrated environmental modelling: The SIAT case

Policy makers have a growing interest in integrated assessments of policies. The Integrated Assessment Modelling (IAM) community is reacting to this interest by extending the application of model development from pure scientific analysis towards application in decision making or policy context by giving tools a higher capability for analysis targeted at non-experts, but intelligent users. Many parties are involved in the construction of such tools including modellers, domain experts and tool users, resulting in as many views on the proposed tool. During tool development research continues which leads to advanced understanding of the system and may alter early specifications. Accumulation of changes to the initial design obscures the design, usually vastly increasing the number of defects in the software. The software engineering community uses concepts, methods and practices to deal with ambiguous specifications, changing requirements and incompletely conceived visions, and to design and develop maintainable/extensible quality software. The aim of this paper is to introduce modellers to software engineering concepts and methods which have the potential to improve model and tool development using experiences from the development of the Sustainability Impact Assessment Tool. These range from choosing a software development methodology for planning activities and coordinating people, technical design principles impacting maintainability, quality and reusability of the software to prototyping and user involvement. It is argued that adaptive development methods seem to best fit research projects, that typically have unclear upfront and changing requirements. The break-down of a system into elements that overlap as little as possible in features and behaviour helps to divide the work across teams and to achieve a modular and flexible system. However, this must be accompanied by proper automated testing methods and automated continuous integration of the elements. Prototypes, screen sketches and mock-ups are useful to align the different views, build a shared vision of required functionality and to match expectations.     

Sustainability assessment of entire forest value chains: Integrating stakeholder perspectives and indicators in decision support tools

The optimization of value chains is an important process to promote sustainable development, since value chains are closely linked to the satisfaction of human needs and combine different driving forces for environmental change. This article presents a methodological approach for the participatory development of value-chain wide sustainability indicator sets and their integration into a decision support tool in the specific case study of the chain “construction and refurbishment with wood”. There are numerous indicator sets for sustainable development of forests and sustainable forestry available at different levels, ranging from local, regional and national to global scale assessments. Some efforts were also made to integrate later production stages of forest value chains (such as wood processing) in the assessment scope (e.g. for chain-of-custody certification). However, no indicator set has so far been available covering environmental, social and economic aspects for the entire value chain of building with timber. This gap was closed through applied sustainability research in the project “Holzwende 2020: Sustainable future markets for wood in the building sector”.     

Inherent conflicts at the coast

Because choice is conflict, decision-making is necessarily about conflict resolution. Choices are necessary because the options are mutually exclusive but the nature of this inherent conflict varies. Typically, these conflicts are multidimensional. In coasal zones, the complex interactions between systems makes decision-making particularly complex; in particular, environmental interests are themselves frequently in conflict. In making a choice, it is important to determine why that choice is necessary in the first place. There are further conflicts about the objectives to be satisfied by the decision process; between the determination of the best outcome and the best decision process. Social scientists centre upon the requirement for a fair decision process rather than upon seeking an optimum outcome. Unlike physical scientists who seek more and better information, social scientists focus upon the development and maintenance of institutions.     

Stress and team performance: principles and challenges for intelligent decision aids

Advances in computer technology and artificial intelligence are providing powerful capabilities for developing intelligent decision aids (IDAs) to support operating teams in managing complex systems. Early system designs, which acted as independent computer advisors, constrained human decision making, were brittle and encountered problems of user acceptance. As a result, there has been a shift towards making IDAs more cooperative in assisting users to make decisions under stress. Although there is a growing body of research on how to design IDAs as collaborate team players, this article provides additional insights by focusing on the competencies manifested by efficient teams in adapting to stress. To this extent, a survey of how teams adapt their decision-making strategies, cooperation patterns and team structure has provided a good basis for proposing design principles for collaborative IDAs. The article concludes with some challenges for further developments in information technology and research needs in the area of teamwork under stress.