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261.
Optimizing Agricultural Best Management Practices in a Lake Erie Watershed 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Jongcheol Pyo Sang‐Soo Baek Minjeong Kim Sanghun Park Hyuk Lee Jin‐Sung Ra Kyung Hwa Cho 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2017,53(6):1281-1292
Implementing agricultural best management practices (BMPs) is influenced by a balance of desired environmental outcomes, economic feasibility, and stakeholder familiarity, the latter taken to be related to BMP acceptability. To explore this balance, we developed a multi‐objective decision support system for allocating BMP type and placement by coupling the Soil and Water Assessment Tool with a nondominated sorted genetic algorithm that minimizes total phosphorus (TP) yields from agricultural hydrologic response units (HRUs) and costs, while using stakeholder BMP familiarity as a constraint; conventional tillage, no tillage, nutrient management, riparian buffers, and contour cropping were explored. Using constraints representing current conditions, the optimization resulted in 59.6 to 81.0% reduction in agricultural TP yield from HRUs at costs ranging between US $0.8 and US $5.3 million. The constrained optimization tended to select mostly single BMPs or at most two BMPs for a given HRU due to these BMPs having higher acceptability to stakeholders. In contrast, the unconstrained case, representing full familiarity, selected 2‐ and 3‐BMP applications. There was little difference in costs between the constrained and unconstrained cases below an 80% TP yield reduction; however, significant differences were found at larger reductions, supporting the value of stakeholder education and extension efforts. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on SWAT Applications for Emerging Hydrologic and Water Quality Challenges. See the February 2017 issue for the introduction and background to the series. 相似文献
262.
为了从安全信息的角度完善核电站的事故致因机理,并在实践中加强核电站的安全管理,首先以安全信息为视角,以系统安全行为链为主线,建立核电站FDA安全管理信息流系统模型,该模型由运行操作人员、核电站企业、国家核安全局3条子链和1条必要安全信息主链构成;然后结合模型和核电站具体工作流程,分析得到3个子事故域和1个总事故域,并归纳出核电站安全运行各阶段所需的必要安全信息;最后结合事故域,分析模型在核电站安全管理中的实际应用价值。 相似文献
263.
Bio-economic evaluation of implementing trawl fishing gear with different selectivity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lone Grnbk Kronbak J. Rasmus Nielsen Ole A. Jrgensen Niels Vestergaard 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(11):3665-3674
The paper develops a biological-economic evaluation tool to analyse the consequences for trawl fishers of implementing more selective fishing technologies. This is done by merging a dynamic biological population model and an economic cost–benefit evaluation framework to describe the consequences for the fish stocks, fishermen and society. The bio-economic evaluation is applied to the case of the Danish trawl fishery in Kattegat and Skagerrak, which experiences a high level of discards and bycatches of several species. Four different kinds of selectivity scenarios are evaluated in comparison with a baseline. The results from the evaluation are indicators for the consequences on ecological and economic levels. The results show that implementation of different selective fishing gear in the Kattegat and Skagerrak mixed trawl fisheries generally implies a trade off over time between rebuilding the stocks and economic loss. Moreover, the analysis shows that implementation of more selective gear is not always beneficial. 相似文献
264.
Ravi C. Palakodeti Eugene J. LeBoeuf James H. Clarke 《Journal of environmental management》2009,91(1):87-101
The groundwater/surface water interface (GWSWI) represents an important transition zone between groundwater and surface water environments that potentially changes the nature and flux of contaminants exchanged between the two systems. Identifying dominant and rate-limiting contaminant transformation processes is critically important for estimating contaminant fluxes and compositional changes across the GWSWI. A new, user-friendly, spreadsheet- and Visual Basic-based analytical screening tool that assists in evaluating the dominance of controlling kinetic processes across the GWSWI is presented. Based on contaminant properties, first-order processes that may play a significant role in solute transport/transformation are evaluated in terms of a ratio of process importance (Pi) that relates the process rate to the rate of fluid transfer. Besides possessing several useful compilations of contaminant and process data, the screening tool also includes 1-D analytical models that assist users in evaluating contaminant transport across the GWSWI. The tool currently applies to 29 organics and 10 inorganics of interest within the context of the GWSWI. Application of the new screening tool is demonstrated through an evaluation of natural attenuation at a site with trichloroethylene and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane contaminated groundwater discharging into wetlands. 相似文献
265.
Towards Participatory Geographic Information Systems for community-based environmental decision making 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Jankowski P 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(6):1966-1971
This article discusses the potential of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to become an information technology enabling groups of people to participate in decisions shaping their communities and promoting sustainable use of natural resources. It explains the concept of participation in the context of planning and decision making. In this context Participatory GIS (PGIS) offers tools that can be used to help the public become meaningfully involved in decision making processes affecting their communities. Following an overview of research on PGIS and its current status the article presents two recent studies of PGIS in water resource planning; one involving the use of computer generated maps representing simple information structures and the other involving the use of more sophisticated information tools. The synthesis of both studies provides the bases for discussing the prospects of PGIS to empower citizens in making decisions about their communities and resources. 相似文献
266.
This paper describes a decision support model for allocating financial resources amongst multiple user groups in environmental management problems. The model is based on the multiple criteria analysis (MCA) method of compromise programming. It was used to inform the allocation of Natural Heritage Trust funds across 14 regions in Queensland, Australia. The model targets funding to those regions with greater natural resource management needs. Need is determined by 19 weighted criteria relating to natural resource assets and threats. The model was accepted by the Australian Government, Queensland Government and regional groups as an appropriate means for allocating program funds; first in 2005 and then again, with improvements, in 2007. This paper shows that an MCA model can improve the transparency, auditability and acceptance of allocation decisions which would otherwise be heavily politicised. 相似文献
267.
Donna B. Schwede Robin L. Dennis Mary Ann Bitz 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2009,45(4):973-985
Abstract: A tool for providing the linkage between air and water‐quality modeling needed for determining the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) and for analyzing related nonpoint‐source impacts on watersheds has been developed. Using gridded output of atmospheric deposition from the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, the Watershed Deposition Tool (WDT) calculates average per unit area and total deposition to selected watersheds and subwatersheds. CMAQ estimates the wet and dry deposition for all of its gaseous and particulate chemical species, including ozone, sulfur species, nitrogen species, secondary organic aerosols, and hazardous air pollutants at grid scale sizes ranging from 4 to 36 km. An overview of the CMAQ model is provided. The somewhat specialized format of the CMAQ files is not easily imported into standard spatial analysis tools. The WDT provides a graphical user interface that allows users to visualize CMAQ gridded data and perform further analyses on selected watersheds or simply convert CMAQ gridded data to a shapefile for use in other programs. Shapefiles for the 8‐digit (cataloging unit) hydrologic unit code polygons for the United States are provided with the WDT; however, other user‐supplied closed polygons may be used. An example application of the WDT for assessing the contributions of different source categories to deposition estimates, the contributions of wet and dry deposition to total deposition, and the potential reductions in total nitrogen deposition to the Albemarle‐Pamlico basin stemming from future air emissions reductions is used to illustrate the WDT capabilities. 相似文献
268.
Robert A. Van Zuidam Jamshid Farifteh Marieke A. Eleveld Cheng Tao 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》1998,4(2):191-202
The International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC) has a research programme that should result in an
integrated environmental coastal zone management system through three subprojects. The programme aims to develop methodologies
and tools for assessing coastal zone changes, and for the evaluation of scenarios for coastal zone management, based on a
spatio-temporal Geographical Information System (GIS) working platform which integrates remote sensing data, physical-morphodynamic
and eco-hydrologic modelling, and a decision support system.
The first subproject develops methodologies for the generation of optimum Remote Sensing (RS) data sets, leading to better
interpretation and complementary use of conventional and new remote sensing imagery. It also integrates RS, GIS, and modelling
through hypothesis generation, parameter estimation, evaluation and validation.
The second subproject facilitates qualitative and quantitative analysis and prediction of the physical aspects of coastal
landscape development under the influence of natural processes and human impacts. This subproject is based on the application
of remote sensing and dynamic modelling.
The third subproject leads to a spatio-temporal working platform which supports data integration of RS and in-situ measurements,
and qualitative and quantitative analysis for the prediction of coastal landscape development. Both support decision making
in Integrated Coastal Zone Management. 相似文献
269.
The immense value of a geographic information system for flood control has been experienced by the decision-markers of the
Dutch province of Gelderland during the flood of the Rivers Meuse (Maas) and Waal in January 1995. Super-imposing different
‘data layers’, GIS-experts could detect the weak parts in the dikes and generate and evacuation plan. Shortcomings within
the organization were experienced as well: important data could not be retrieved, and the coordination of efforts by the different
governmental departments and institutions was not optimal. To overcome these shortcomings and to optimize the modelling process,
a spatial decision support system (SDSS) is being proposed, aggregating several models, heuristic and procedural, into integrated
software tools. As becomes clear from two cases of flood control described, ‘emergency managers’ should be able to communicate
about spatial data available and have access to selected spatial data. In order to improve communication between data sources,
data processing and the use of relevant spatial data in GISs, a new ‘Spatial Information Infrastructure’ (SII) needs to be
developed. This requires both technical and organizational solutions and standards. Proper documentation of the data will
allow the GIS-experts to more quickly find, store, update and reuse the data. A range of ‘metadata’ services exist documenting
data sets, typically limited by thematic or national boundaries. There are no standards in common practice for structuring
and classifying spatial information. The user of spatial information cannot easily browse across Web-sites and compare products
from different suppliers. Even, if the search has been successful, the user all too often has to face a complex process of
negotiation, and highly technical data integration issues. A consortium of European GIS-experts has addressed these problems
and launched the ‘European Spatial Metadata Infrastructure’ (ESMI) project with the objective to link existing and future
metadata systems using Internet. 相似文献
270.
中国环境管理中经济手段的应用 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
陈浩 《城市环境与城市生态》2001,14(1):12-14
文章在说明环境管理中经济手段的分类、选择经济手段原则的同时,着重阐述中国环境管理中经济手段的使用现状,并提出相应的建议。 相似文献