Taylor-Couette流场数值模拟及絮凝效果研究

通过流体力学中的Fluent软件模拟了Taylor-Couette反应器的速度矢量分布、湍动动能分布和有效能耗分布,同时实验研究了TaylorCouette反应器不同内筒转速下三氯化铁对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝效能.结果表明,内外筒环隙间存在亚微尺度的涡旋,当转速为30～60 r·min-时,涡旋形状闭合完整,相互分离,涡旋内部速度梯度较小,湍动动能k在0.00010 ～0.00023 m2·s-2的范围内,有效能耗ε在0.00057 ～0.00189 m2·s-3的范围内,絮凝效能达到最大(80％以上),湍动动能和有效能耗过大或过小均不利于形成完整闭合的涡旋,絮凝效能较差.     

生物流化床的动力学研究进展

生物流化床在污水处理中较传统的处理方法有明显的优势,目前研究的方向主要有特定污染物的处理、传质研究、流化床动力学研究和生物流化床的工业化应用。生物流化床动力学研究仍制约着其工业化应用。文章对生物流化床动力学研究中所需参数的测量技术及生物流化床中载体颗粒流动规律的研究状况进行了介绍,并简述了在生物流化床动力学研究基础上对流化床的改进研究。通过对生物流化床研究现状的分析,总结了生物流化床放大存在的问题,对生物流化床的工业应用进行了展望。     

Anaerobic co-digestion of municipal biomass wastes and waste activated sludge：Dynamic model and material balances

The organic matter degradation process during anaerobic co-digestion of municipal biomass waste （MBW） and waste-activated sludge （WAS） under different organic loading rates （OLRs） was investigated in bench-scale and pilot-scale semi-continuous stirred tank reactors. To better understand the degradation process of MBW and WAS co-digestion and provide theoretical guidance for engineering application, anaerobic digestion model No. 1 was revised for the co-digestion of MBW and WAS. The results showed that the degradation of organic matter could be characterized into three different fractions, including readily hydrolyzable organics, easily degradable particulate organics, and recalcitrant particle organics. Hydrolysis was the rate-limiting step under lower OLRs, and methanogenesisis was the rate-limiting step for an OLR of 8.0 kg volatile solid （VS）/（m^3·day）. The hydrolytic parameters of carbohydrate, protein, and lipids were 0.104, 0.083, and 0.084 kg chemical oxygen demand （COD）/（kg COD·hr）, respectively, and the reaction rate parameters of lipid fermentation were 1 and 1.25 kg COD/（kg COD.hr） for OLRs of 4.0 and 6.0 kg VS/（m^3·day）. A revised model was used to simulate methane yield, and the results fit well with the experimental data. Material balance data were acquired based on the revised model, which showed that 58.50% of total COD was converted to methane.     

生物膜填料塔净化低浓度甲醛废气的动力学模型研究

通过实验及动力学理论分析,对生物膜填料塔系统净化低质量浓度甲醛废气的适用动力学模型进行了研究.生物膜生化反应动力学分析显示,甲醛废气的生物净化有与其他挥发性有机废气(VOCs)不同的生化反应动力学特征,其反应类型判别准数M值远小于1(M=0.004(《)1.0),即生物膜中甲醛的生化反应速率远远小于其在液膜中的扩散速率,为慢速生化降解反应.针对净化低质量浓度甲醛废气的生物膜填料塔实验系统的研究表明,应用"吸收-生物膜"理论模型得到的甲醛净化效率、甲醛生化去除量和出口气体甲醛质量浓度的计算值与实验值之间的相关系数R分别到达了0.87、0.96和0.89,具有很好的相关性;而"吸附-生物膜"理论模型对应的相关系数R分别仅为0.64、0.84和0.64.与"吸附-生物膜"理论模型相比,"吸收-生物膜"理论模型描述甲醛废气生物净化过程具有良好的适用性,研究结果对生物法废气净化技术的相关基础理论研究和工程应用研究具有重要的参考价值.     

Photodegradation of Norfloxacin in aqueous solution containing algae

Photodegradation of Norfloxacin in aqueous solution containing algae under a medium pressure mercury lamp (15 W, λ_max = 365 nm) was investigated. Results indicated that the photodegradation of Norfloxacin could be induced by the algae in the heterogeneous algaewater systems. The photodegradation rate of Norfloxacin increased with increasing algae concentration, and was greatly influenced by the temperature and pH of solution. Meanwhile, the cooperation action of algae and Fe(III), and the ultrasound were beneficial to photodegradation of Norfloxacin. The degradation kinetics of Norfloxacin was found to follow the pseudo zero-order reaction in the suspension of algae. In addition, we discussed the photodegradation mechanism of Norfloxacin in the suspension of algae. This work will be helpful for understanding the photochemical degradation of antibiotics in aqueous environment in the presence of algae, for providing a new method to deal with antibiotics pollution.     

Removal characteristics and kinetic analysis of an aerobic vapor-phase bioreactor for hydrophobic alpha-pinene

Biofiltration is considered an effective method to control volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pollution. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential use of a bacterial biofilter packed with wood chips and peat for the removal of hydrophobic α-pinene. When inoculated with two pure degraders and adapted activated sludge, a removal efficiency (RE) of more than 95% was achieved after a start-up period of 11 days. The maximum elimination capacity (EC) of 50 g/(m³. hr) with RE of 94% was obtained at empty bed retention time (EBRT) of 102 sec. When higher α-pinene concentrations and shorter EBRTs were applied, the REs and ECs decreased significantly due to mass-transfer and biological reaction limitations. As deduced from the experimental results, approximately 74% of α-pinene were completely mineralized by the consortiums and the biomass yield was 0.60 g biomass/g α-pinene. Sequence analysis of the selected bands excised from denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed that the inoculated pure cultures could be present during the whole operation, and others were closely related to bacteria being able to degrade hydrocarbons. The kinetic results demonstrated that the whole biofiltration for α-pinene was diffusion-limit controlled owing to its hydrophobic characteristics. These findings indicated that this bacterial biofiltration is a promising technology for the remediation of hydrophobic industrial waste gases containing α-pinene.     

纤铁矿微生物异化还原过程的动力学特征及其影响因素

基于脱色希瓦氏菌(Shewanella decolorationis S12)和纤铁矿相互作用的现象,探讨了电子供体、纤铁矿浓度及氧化还原中介体2-磺酸钠蒽醌(AQS)对其相互作用的影响.结果表明,AQS的加入使纤铁矿的微生物还原程度得到加强.反应末期,乳酸钠浓度为20mmol.L-1时,在添加AQS的10.0mmol.L-1的纤铁矿体系中,被还原解离出的Fe(Ⅱ)浓度是无AQS体系中的180.2%.纤铁矿的归一化还原速率表明,当电子供体浓度一定时,随着纤铁矿浓度的增加,纤铁矿的还原酶促反应显著减弱.米氏拟合方程表明,以不同浓度的纤铁矿为底物时,S12菌-纤铁矿相互作用过程的拟合校正R2系数分别为0.8285(添加AQS)和0.9348(未添加AQS),电子转移载体的存在及底物类型的不同均对底物饱和时的反应速度(Vmax)和米氏常数(Km)值均有一定程度的影响.在微生物还原纤铁矿过程中,氧化还原中介体AQS使得其还原程度加剧,用于ATP合成所需能量ΔE值也随之升高,S12菌和纤铁矿的还原反应达到平衡时,Gibbs自由能变化(ΔGr)达最大值.     

Inhibition kinetics of acid and alkaline phosphatases by atrazine and methomyl pesticides

The main objective of this work was to investigate the kinetic characteristics of acid and alkaline phosphatases isolated from different sources and to study the effects of the herbicide atrazine and insecticide methomyl on the activity and kinetic properties of the enzymes. Acid phosphatase (ACP) was isolated from the tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum); alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was isolated from two sources, including mature earthworms (Aporrectodea caliginosa) and larvae of the Egyptian cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis). The specific activities of the enzymes were 33.31, 5.56 and 0.72 mmol substrate hydrolyzed per minute per milligram protein for plant ACP, earthworms ALP and cotton leafworm ALP, respectively. The inhibition kinetics indicated that atrazine and methomyl caused competitive–non-competitive inhibition of the enzymes. The relationships between estimates of K_m and V_max calculated from the Michaelis–Menten equation have been explored. The extent of the inhibition was different, as estimated by the values of the inhibition constant K_i that were found to be 3.34 × 10^?3, 1.12 × 10^?2 and 1.07 × 10^?2 mM for plant ACP, earthworms ALP and cotton leafworm ALP, respectively, with methomyl. In the case of atrazine, K_i were found to be 8.99 × 10^?3, 3.55 × 10^?2 and 1.36 × 10^?2 mM for plant ACP, earthworms ALP and cotton leafworm ALP, respectively.     

Isotherm and kinetic studies for the biosorption of cadmium from aqueous solution by Alhaji maurorum seed

Cadmium is an extremely toxic metal commonly found in industrial regions. Anthropogenic activity is the most important factor causing its interference to water, soil and air resources. The aim of many researches is to present remediation strategy or to remove cadmium from contaminated resources through an economical and efficient method. Cadmium adsorption from aqueous solution using Alhaji maurorum seed adsorbent has been investigated and optimized in this study. Moreover, isotherm and kinetics of adsorption process was studied. The seeds are washed by distilled water after separation from the plant, and then dried in room temperature for 48 h. They are powdered by grinder and passed through sieve no.18 as well. Adsorption process was optimized in 4 steps regarding pH, contact time, adsorption dose and initial concentration of cadmium effects. The cadmium concentration in solution was measured using ICP-OES method. The results of optimization tests showed that the optimum condition of cadmium adsorption (85.5% removal) occurs at pH of 6.5 with 20 g/L of adsorption dose for 45 min. In addition, the efficiency of adsorption process increases as the cadmium concentration reduces in the initial solution. Adsorption process follows the pseudo second-order kinetics and Freundlich isotherm with correlation coefficients of 0.999 and 0.99, respectively. According to the findings of this analysis, it was concluded that A. maurorum seed is a good biological adsorbent for adsorbing cadmium from aqueous solution.     

螺旋藻对稀土铒离子的吸附特性研究

以螺旋藻为吸附剂,对模拟矿山废水中的稀土Er³⁺进行吸附特性研究.研究了被处理液的pH值、螺旋藻的剂量、初始Er³⁺浓度和吸附时间等因素对吸附过程的影响.通过Freundlich,Langmuir,Redlich-Peterson和Dubinin-Radushkevich等温吸附模型,以及伪一级、伪二级、Elovich方程和颗粒内扩散动力学模型,对该过程的吸附动力学和热力学规律进行探讨,以了解该吸附过程的机理.吸附结果显示：当被处理液的pH值为5、螺旋藻的剂量为2.0g/L、吸附温度为298K、初始Er³⁺浓度为100mg/L和吸附时间为60min时,螺旋藻对模拟矿山废水中Er³⁺的吸附去除率为90.73%,通过HNO₃解吸附,回收率可达97.12%,表明螺旋藻的吸附速率快、吸附和回收效果较为理想.研究表明：该过程的吸附动力学行为符合伪二级动力学模型（R²>0.99）,主要受化学吸附控制,且吸附等温线能较好用Langmuir方程进行模拟（R²>0.9）,属于自发吸热的吸附过程.