膨润土对Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋、Cr^3＋的吸附动力学及等温线研究

研究所用膨润土的主要成分为SiO2和Al2O3，属于Ca基膨润土，BET表面积为50．83m^2／g。在恒温及恒定pH条件下，用静态吸附法研究了膨润土对Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋、Cr^3＋的吸附特性，结果表明其较好地符合Lagergren二级吸附速率方程，对这3种离子的吸附速率为Pb^2＋〉Cu^2＋〉Cr^3＋。利用3种等温线方程对吸附过程进行拟合，发现利用Langmuir吸附等温方程计算的值与膨润土吸附Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋、Cr^3＋试验数据最为吻合。膨润土对3种金属离子的平衡吸附量为Cr^3＋〉Cu^2＋〉Pb^2＋。     

A new model for the CBL growth based on the turbulent kinetic energy equation

Starting from the evolution equation for the turbulent energy density spectrum (EDS), we develop a new model for the growth of the Convective boundary layer (CBL). We apply dimensional analysis to parameterize the unknown inertial transport and convective source term in the dynamic equation for the three-dimensional (3-D) spectrum and solve the 3-D EDS equation. The one-dimensional vertical spectrum is derived from the 3-D spectrum, employing a weight function. This allows us to select the magnitude of the vertical spectral component for the construction of the growing 3-D EDS. Furthermore, we employ the vertical component of the energy spectrum to calculate the eddy diffusivity (required in dispersion models). Currently there are no available experimental data to directly verify our EDS model.     

高温堆肥中微生物的生长特征及动力学建模

对高温好氧堆肥中微生物的生长特征和动力学进行了研究，发现微生物的生长受温度影响很大，随温度变化呈波动性变化．同时，基于Logistic模型和Malthus模型，对微生物生长进行分析，得到了描述堆肥过程中的微生物生长动力学模型和模型参数．用实验数据与模型计算值进行验证比较，模型计算与实验结果拟合良好，模型正确地反映了高温好氧堆肥中微生物的生长过程及其动力学机制．图3表1参12     

E. coli kinetics--effect of temperature on the maintenance and respectively the decay phase

The knowledge of enteric bacteria survival kinetic is very important for environmental scientists. Enteric bacteria andspecifically the fecal indicator bacteria are typically used to measure the sanitary quality of water for recreational, industrial, agricultural and water supply purposes. They are released into the environment with feces, and are then exposedto a variety of environmental conditions that eventually causetheir death. In general, it is believed that the fecal indicatorcannot grow in natural environments, since they are adapted to live in the gastrointestinal tract. Studies have shown that fecalindicator bacteria survive from a few hours up to several daysin surface water, but may survive for days or months in lake-sediments, where they may be protected from sunlight andpredators. We assume that pathogens similar to the fecal indicator bacteria die at the same rate as fecal indicator bacteria. Therefore, if we find relatively high numbers of fecalindicator bacteria in an environment, we assume that there is anincreased likelihood of pathogens being present as well. The kinetic of enteric bacteria survival in natural waters is affected by a large number of factors. One of them is the temperature. The aim of this contribution was the experimentalresearch of the survival kinetic of enteric bacteria applying a simple mathematical formula, which describes the survival kineticpredicting the decay phase at various temperatures. We aspire that the results will lead both to the solution of many engineering problems and to future research.     

混合溶剂解吸土壤中多环芳烃的研究

对比了水溶性有机溶剂乙醇、正丙醇、丙酮、已戊醇和水对土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的解吸效果,结果综合实验效果、安全性和经济等因素,主要采用了乙醇和戊醇作为混合试剂的主要成分。对比了乙醇、戊醇和水不同配比的混合试剂对土壤的解吸效果,最终选用混合试剂(5%戊醇+20%水+75%乙醇)研究污染土壤中PAHs的解吸行为,分别进行了解吸动力实验、分阶段解吸实验和pH值影响实验。结果表明,土壤中PAHs的解吸是一个快速反应,5h基本达到解吸平衡,高环物质(4～6环PAHs)比低环物质(2～3环PAHs)的解吸速率慢。分步解吸率表明,随着环数的增加,第一步解吸率逐渐降低,第二、三步的解吸率则逐渐增大,第二、三步的解吸作用对高环PAHs更为明显。pH值对混合溶剂解吸土壤中PAHs有显著影响,pH值在5 5～7之间时,对土壤中PAHs的解吸影响最明显,碱性环境(pH>7)有利于土壤中PAHs的解吸,酸性环境则不利于解吸实验的进行。     

TGA analysis of tobacco rob pyrolysis and release characteristics of noncondensable gas in a fixed-bed reactor

In this study, the size of tobacco rob (TR) particle was considered as a major factor in determining the mass loss in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and product yield and composition at different reactor temperatures in the fixed-bed reactor. The TGA results showed that the conversion rate increased and the activation energy (ranged from 53.29 to 58.25 kJ/mol) decreased with a decrease in particle size. The experiments demonstrated that fuel gas yield (from 0.76 to 0.82 Nm³/kg at 900 °C) increased with a decrease in particle size while char and tar yield decreased. Smaller particle sizes resulted in higher H₂ (25.68%) and CO (27.36%) contents. Minimizing the size of raw materials is an alternative method to improve the gas quality of TR pyrolysis. The increase of gas yield was attributed to the decomposition of char and tar vapor as temperature increased.     

β-环糊精增敏催化动力学光度法测定亚硝酸根

在磷酸介质中利用亚硝酸根催化条件下溴酸钾氧化甲基红的褪色反应,建立了β-环糊精（β-CD）增敏催化动力学光度法,对亚硝酸根进行测定。该方法最佳反应条件为：0.05 mol/L甲基红溶液加入量8.0%（φ,下同）,0.1 mol/L溴酸钾溶液加入量12.0%,1.0 mol/L稀磷酸加入量12.0%,0.15 mol/L β-CD溶液加入量16.0%,反应温度40 ℃,反应时间15 min。亚硝酸根测定的线性范围为8.0×10^-6~6.0×10^-4 g/L,线性回归方程的相关系数为0.996 6,检出限为4.0×10^-7 g/L。亚硝酸根的加标回收率为99.0%~102.0%,水样测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.4%~3.2%。加入β-CD后测定亚硝酸根的灵敏度增加了2.5倍。     

炭化核桃壳对废水中Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附

制备了炭化核桃壳,采用SEM,EDX,FTIR等方法对炭化核桃壳进行了表征,研究了炭化核桃壳对废水中Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附效果。表征结果显示,炭化后的核桃壳为片状结构,且形成了大量的微孔,微孔数量的增加使得核桃壳的比表面积明显增大。实验结果表明,炭化核桃壳吸附处理含Cr（Ⅵ）废水的最佳工艺条件为：初始废水pH 2.0、炭化核桃壳加入量16 g/L、吸附温度25 ℃、转速150 r/min、吸附时间180 min,在此最佳工艺条件下吸附处理Cr（Ⅵ）质量浓度为20 mg/L废水,Cr（Ⅵ）去除率高达98.7%,最大吸附量为8.731 mg/g。Langmuir吸附等温模型可更好地描述炭化核桃壳对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附过程,吸附属于单分子层吸附。拟二级动力学方程能更好地描述炭化核桃壳对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附行为,此吸附过程以化学吸附为主控步骤。     

UV降解水溶液中吲哚美辛的动力学研究

以中压汞灯为光源,研究水环境中吲哚美辛(IDM)的紫外光降解机制.实验结果表明,IDM的光解反应符合准一级动力学规律,其降解速率常数随自身浓度的增大而减小,当IDM浓度由1 mg·L~(-1)增至12 mg·L~(-1)时,其速率常数由0.0148 min~(-1)减至0.00412 min~(-1).通过模型研究IDM的紫外光解机制时发现,其降解包括直接光解和自敏化光解,直接光解常数为0.0151 min~(-1).研究环境因子对IDM光解的影响时发现,碱性环境有利于IDM的降解,而溶解氧抑制IDM的光解,腐殖酸通过光掩蔽和自由基猝灭两个作用抑制IDM的光解,硝酸根通过接受光量子产生·OH促进IDM的降解,并通过竞争反应实验测得·OH稳态浓度为2.10×10~(-1)4mol·L~(-1),IDM与·OH的二级反应速率常数为9.86×109L·mol~(-1)·s~(-1).     

Pseudomonas flava WD-3固定化技术及其强化SBR污水处理的应用研究

由南四湖底泥中分离纯化出一株低温菌Pseudomonas flava WD-3,为提高其处理污水的效率并实现重复利用,本试验选取在低温(6~8℃)条件下,采用天然材料海藻酸钠(SA)和人工合成材料聚乙烯醇(PVA)共同作用的复合材料为包埋载体,利用正交试验探索其最优的固定化条件;并将最优的Pseudomonas flava WD-3固定化小球投入到SBR污水处理工艺中,探究其投加量和水力停留时间对生活污水处理效果的影响.结果发现,当SA质量分数为4%,PVA质量分数为6%,Ca Cl_2质量分数为5%,交联时间为24 h时,Pseudomonas flava WD-3固定化小球的物理性能最好,且对污水的处理效果最佳,分别是游离菌对COD、TP和NH+4-N去除效率的1.11、1.17、1.14倍.在SBR工艺中,通过连续3个月的监测数据发现,Pseudomonas flava WD-3的固定化小球对污水NH+4-N、TP、COD和TN的去除率分别介于72.78%~77.48%、62.04%~69.26%、89.08%~92.72%和85.08%~89.08%,且平均去除效率分别为未投加该菌的1.13、1.91、1.25、1.56倍,最终采取的最佳水力停留时间为8 h.并且,Pseudomonas flava WD-3在不同投加量及不同水力停留时间条件下,对污水中各污染物的降解过程符合一级动力学模型.