Factors affecting the growth rates of ammonium and nitrite oxidizing bacteria

The maximum specific growth rates of both ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) were investigated under varying aerobic solids retention time (SRT_a) and in the presence/absence of anoxic (alternating) conditions. Two bench SBRs, reactor R1 and R2, were run in parallel for 150 d. Reactor R1 was operated in aerobic conditions while R2 operated in alternating anoxic/aerobic conditions. The feed (synthetic wastewater), temperature, hydraulic retention time and mixing were identical in both reactors. The SRT_a in both reactors was, sequentially, set at four values: 5, 4, 3 and 2 d.Kinetic tests with the biomasses from both reactors were carried out to estimate the maximum specific growth rates (μ_max) at each tested SRT_a and decay rates, in both aerobic and anoxic conditions. The kinetic parameters of nitrifier were estimated through the calibration of a two step nitrification-denitrification activated sludge model.The results point to a slightly higher μ_max,AOB and μ_max,NOB in alternating conditions, while both μ_max,AOB and μ_max,NOB were shown not to vary in the tested range of SRT_a (from 2 to 5 d) at 20 °C. They were relatively high when compared to literature data: 1.05 d⁻¹ < μ_max,AOB < 1.4 d⁻¹ and 0.91 d⁻¹ < μ_max,NOB < 1.31 d⁻¹. The decay coefficients of both AOB and NOB were much higher in aerobic (from 0.22 d⁻¹ to 0.28 d⁻¹) than in anoxic (0.04 d⁻¹ to 0.16 d⁻¹) conditions both in R1 and R2, which explained the higher nitrification rates observed in the alternating reactor.     

复合型CoO／TiO2光催化剂降解亚甲基蓝动力学研究

以钛酸四丁酯为前驱体,采用溶胶凝胶法,制备了CoO掺杂的TiO2光催化剂。利用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）、紫外可见漫反射（UV—visDRS）对催化剂进行了分析、表征。以中压汞灯为光源,研究了亚甲基蓝（MB）在CoO／TiO2微粒水悬浮液中的降解动力学。结果表明：所制备的催化剂活性组分主要是锐钛矿型的二氧化钛和CoO固溶体,粒径为25～30nm,分布均匀。亚甲基蓝的光催化降解动力学满足一级动力学,在一定的浓度范围内,反应速率常数随初始浓度增大而减少,适当的掺钴量可以有效地提高TiO2光催化活性,其最佳掺杂量重量百分比为0．25％。     

The dissolution kinetics of major elements in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash particles

Leaching and tracer experiments in batches at L/S 20 were performed with 3-month-old MSWI bottom ash separated into eight different particle sizes. The time-dependent leaching of major elements (Ca(2+), K(+), Na(+), Cl(-) and SO(4)(-2)) was monitored for up to 747 h. Physical properties of the particles, the specific surface (BET), pore volume and pore volume distribution over pore sizes (BJH) were determined for all particle classes by N(2) adsorption/desorption experiments. Some common features of physical pore structure for all particles were revealed. The specific surface and the particle pore volume were found to be negatively correlated with particle size, ranging from 3.2 m(2)/g to 25.7 m(2)/g for the surface area and from 0.0086 cm(3)/g to 0.091 cm(3)/g for the pore volume. Not surprisingly, the specific surface area was found to be the major material parameter that governed the leaching behavior for all elements (Ca(2+), K(+), Na(+), Cl(-) and SO(4)(-2)) and particle sizes. The diffusion resistance was determined independently by separate tracer (tritium) experiments. Diffusion gave a significant contribution to the apparent leaching kinetics for all elements during the first 10-40 h (depending on the particle size) of leaching and surface reaction was the overall rate controlling mechanism at late times for all particle sizes. For Ca(2+) and SO(4)(-2), the coupled effect of diffusion resistance and the degree of under-saturation in the intra particle pore volume was found to be a major rate limiting dissolution mechanism for both early and late times. The solubility control in the intra particulate porosity may undermine any attempt to treat bottom ash by washing out the sulfate. Even for high liquid/solid ratios, the solubility in the intra-particular porosity will limit the release rate.     

生物质分类表征蔬菜废物好氧降解模型中试检验

为发展可支持生产性堆肥设施控制的有机废物好氧降解模型,对生物质分类蔬菜废物好氧降解速率模型(即:六因子的生物质分类一级降解动力学模型Mt=M0e-kt),以及通过主因子分析法(PCA)和生物质组分归类2种方法简化得到的二因子和三因子模型,利用太湖农村生活垃圾现场堆肥中试的一次发酵试验结果,进行了模拟检验.结果表明,生物质分类表征蔬菜废物好氧降解模型能有效地模拟中试的实际降解率,模拟与实测值的pearson相关系数r＞0.966(p＜0.001);且模拟效果基本不受原料生物质组成与堆肥工况控制条件的影响.而简化模型的模拟效果明显劣于六因子模型,这可能源于各类生物质好氧降解受温度影响的机制不同,组分的动力学参数难以合并简化.     

诱导动力学光度法测定废水中微量砷

依据As(Ⅲ)对Cr(Ⅵ)-Fe(phen)_3~(2+)氧化还原反应在酸性条件下的诱导作用,提出了一种测定微量砷的动力学方法.并建立了测定最佳条件:[Cr(Ⅵ)]=3.2×10~(-4)mol/L;[Fe~(2+)]=1.2×10~(-4)mol/L;[phen]/[Fe~(2+)=5.6;pH=1.2;512nm.线性范围为0-3.0μg/ml As(Ⅲ),方法检测限为0.01μg/ml.除S~(2-)外,多数常见离子均有较大允许共存量.用本法测定工业废水中的微量砷,所得结果满意.样品加标回收率为95.8％—103.3％,变异系数RSD<4.64％.     

Performance and modeling studies of rotating biological contactor for treatment of vegetable oil wastewater

This study focuses on a lab-scale rotating biological contactor (RBC) treating vegetable oil wastewater with high BOD and COD. The fabricated RBC was checked for efficiency in degrading polluted wastewater under different operating conditions. The maximum removal efficiencies for BOD and COD were 95.75% and 89%, respectively. This high removal percentage was obtained with 30% submergence of 10 discs rotating at 8 rpm. For the first time, bio-kinetic models were applied to the experimental results for vegetable oil wastewater. The best fit was obtained with the modified Stover-Kincannon and Grau model. The saturation constant (K_s) values were 1.872 and 3.024 g/L/d for BOD and COD, respectively, for the modified Stover-Kincannon and Grau model. For the Grau second-order model, the saturation constant was 1.416 and 3.744 g/L/d for BOD and COD, respectively. The predicted effluent BOD and COD values of the modified Stover–Kincannon model fitted almost exactly with the experimental values. This clearly predicts that this model can be best used to predict effluent BOD and COD concentration in a Rotating Biological contactor treating vegetable oil wastewater. The kinetic parameters determined in this study can be used to improve the design and operation of continuous mode RBC systems.     

复合自养反硝化材料处理低碳氮比硝酸盐污水

作为一种典型的硝酸盐污水,低碳氮比硝酸盐污水的存在具有广泛性,且对生态环境和居民健康带来的危害日益突出.本研究构建了复合硫自养反硝化(CSAD)体系,基于硫-碳酸钙型复合材料与微生物,进行低碳氮比硝酸盐污水的深度处理,分析了材料投加量、粒径以及进水硝酸盐浓度对CSAD的影响,并探究了硝酸盐去除的动力学行为.结果 表明,...     

A numerical study of the auto-ignition temperatures of CH4–Air,C3H8–Air,CH4–C3H8–Air and CH4–CO2–Air mixtures

The auto-ignition temperature (AIT) is an important parameter in the process industries. In order to ensure a safe working environment in process industries, it is important to predict the AIT of combustible gases or vapors. In this study, the AITs of natural gas mixtures (CH₄–Air, C₃H₈–Air, CH₄–C₃H₈–Air and CH₄–CO₂–Air) are calculated based on a detailed kinetic model. To create a more practical model, different ignition criteria and convective heat transfer coefficients are investigated and compared against one another, resulting in the temperature criterion and a convective heat transfer coefficient of h = 50 W/(m² K). The results showed that the AITs of CH₄–Air and C₃H₈–Air decrease with an increase of equivalence ratios. While the propane ratio increasing, the AIT of CH₄–C₃H₈–Air decreasing. Reaction path analysis of natural gas mixtures (CH₄–C₃H₈) was also carried out to explain this phenomenon, yielding results showing that C₃H₈ is the main reaction during the ignition induction period. In addition the AIT of CH₄ increases slowly in positive correlation with CO_2, which plays a role of an inert gas. Comparing the results with literature work revealed a deviation of about 10%. Thus, it can be reasonably concluded that the AIT of a low hydrocarbons mixtures such as natural gas can be reliably predicted with detailed kinetic model.     

硝酸铵与硝铵磷热稳定性对比研究

为了研究硝铵磷的热稳定性,用DSC－TG同步热分析仪测试了硝酸铵的热分解过程,根据升温速率分别为5,10,15 K／min的DSC和TG－DTG曲线,利用Ozawa法和Kissinger法求得的硝酸铵的活化能基本一致。用Rogers公式和Arrhenius公式求得指前因子和速率常数分别为1．62×1010 s－1,1．07×10－18 s－1（120℃）;硝酸铵在升温速率为5 K／min时,分解峰值温度的活化焓、活化熵、活化自由能分别为102．76 kJ／mol ,－62．35 J／（K·mol ）,134．98 kJ／mol;对比了硝酸铵和硝铵磷的DSC曲线,结果表明硝铵磷的吸热分解峰值温度低于硝酸铵,热稳定性更好。     

不同结构主扇扩散器局部阻力研究

在大主扇通风系统中多采用低压大流量风机,在风机出风段多安装扩散器,主要作用是降低出口动压提高风机静压而达到回收出风口断面动能的效果。重点分析风流在流经不同结构扩散器时的流场以及出口的动能损失,叙述了紊流过程中产生阻力的原因,实验测定风流在扩散器后的静压和出口断面的速度。通过数值模拟和实验证明:流线型扩散器局部阻力较小,且具有较高的动能回收率和扩散器效率。结果表明此内容研究对研究扩散器的最优设计参数和通风节能具有一定的指导作用。