乙酸/丙酸作为EBPR碳源的动力学模型研究(Ⅰ) ——模型的建立

以活性污泥ASM2模型为基础,采用混合短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)作为基准物质,建立了增强生物除磷系统中聚磷菌和(PAO)的厌氧/好氧动力学模型.模型的显著特点是厌氧代谢过程中的糖原水解、聚羟基烷酸合成、以及聚磷水解速率由SCFAs的速率方程表示,并考虑了厌氧维持对动力学和计量学的影响.模型建立了过程计量学系数矩阵,包括3个溶解性组分、4个颗粒性组分,同时考虑了pH对代谢动力学的影响.最后,在PAO模型的基础上,建立了GAO的动力学模型,该模型包含7个过程,磷的浓度仅对其好氧生长有影响.     

Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by sawdust adsorption

The adsorption of lead, cadmium and nicel from aqueous solution by sawdust of walnut was investigated. The effect of contact time, initial metal ion concentration and temperature on metal ions removal has been studied. The equilibrium time was found to be of the order of 60 min. Kinetics fit pseudo first-order, second-order and intraparticle diffusion models, hence adsorption rate constants were calculated. The adsorption data of metal ions at temperatures of 25, 45 and 60~C have been described by the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The thermodynamic parameters such as energy, entropy and enthalpy changes for the adsorption of heavy metal ions have also been computed and discussed. Ion exchange is probably one of the major adsorption mechanisms for binding divalent metal ions to the walnut sawdust. The selectivity order of the adsorbent is Pb（I1）~Cd（II）〉Ni（I1）. From these results, it can be concluded that the sawdust of walnut could be a good adsorbent for the metal ions from aqueous solutions.     

改性橘子皮对水中高氯酸盐及共存阴离子的竞争吸附研究

模拟多种阴离子共存的水体环境,采用氨基改性处理后的橘子皮作为吸附剂,研究其在不同离子共存条件下对高氯酸盐的竞争吸附.分析在不同pH条件下,竞争性阴离子对高氯酸盐吸附的影响;探讨单、双组分体系下的热力学、动力学吸附机理;采用红外光谱分析(FTIR)表征不同竞争吸附条件下吸附剂材料的结构特征.结果表明,不同pH范围内,3种阴离子与Cl O-4发生竞争吸附,其影响顺序不同:pH3时,其影响顺序为SO2-4NO-3PO3-4;3pH10时,其影响顺序为SO2-4PO3-4NO-3;pH10时,3种阴离子对Cl O-4吸附的影响趋于相同.单组分吸附下,改性橘子皮对Cl O-4、NO-3、SO2-4、PO3-4的最大吸附量分别为217.72、134.97、89.9、65.79 mg·g-1;竞争条件下,共存阴离子对Cl O-4吸附的影响顺序为PO3-4SO2-4NO-3,并且改性橘子皮对Cl O-4的吸附符合Freundlich等温线模型及准二级动力学模型,表明化学吸附为吸附的主要速率控制步骤.红外光谱分析结果证明了NO-3、SO2-4、PO3-4均在改性橘子皮吸附Cl O-4的过程中发生了竞争吸附.     

Investigation of spark ignition processes of laminar strained premixed stoichiometric NH3-H2-air flames

A knowledge of the ignition properties of ammonia (NH${}_3$)/hydrogen (H${}_2$) mixtures is important because of their abundance in chemical engineering processes, and also because of their prospective role as fuels in future energy systems. In particular, the question arises if and how important characteristics like ignition limits and minimum ignition energies in NH${}_3$/H${}_2$ mixtures are related to the physical conditions. To address this question, this work studies ignition process in ammonia/hydrogen mixtures by numerical simulations. These track the evolution of ammonia/hydrogen mixtures during and after the deposition of a certain ignition energy, using a detailed treatment of chemical reactions and molecular transport. Studies on the influence of different system parameters on the minimally required ignition energy are performed. These are the strain rate, hydrogen content, pressure and initial (pre-ignition) temperature. Significant findings include a quasi-linear correlation between the transition strain rate, defined as the strain rate below which no external energy is required to initiate successful ignition (auto-ignition) and a characteristic reaction rate, defined as the inverse of ignition delay time in homogeneous, quiescent mixtures. Also, the relative decay of minimum ignition energy with increasing hydrogen content is less pronounced for higher pressures. Analysis of the results supports a knowledge-based approach towards fail-proof ignition devices and reliable prevention of hazards. The simulations are used for assessing the ignitability of ammonia and its mixtures with hydrogen.