滇池流域环境变迁及环境修复的社会机制

滇池流域人口、经济的高速增长与滇池水面的迅速缩减，使得滇池流域经济社会活动超过了其环境容量；滇池流域洁净地表水的截流与城乡生产、生活污水向滇池的肆意排放，使得滇池缺少源头活水而成为“污水池”。社会机制是修复滇池流域环境的重要方面。因此，本文特建议：增强居民环境意识，推动绿色社团建设，加强社会舆论监督，发动公众自觉参与。     

滇池流域生态承载力及系统耦合效应剖析

利用ENVI4.8和Arcgis9.3软件对2001~2010年的遥感影像数据进行处理和分析,计算得出各年份的生态承载力。结合相关年份的社会经济数据,同时根据滇池流域的实际情况提取18个分析指标,运用相关分析和回归分析方法,对滇池流域生态承载力以及其与生态环境系统、资源环境系统、社会经济系统3个子系统要素的耦合关系进行分析。结果表明:(1)2001~2010年滇池流域的总生态承载力和人均生态承载力呈快速下降趋势,降幅达37.3%;耕地生态承载力呈下降趋势最明显,下降幅度达52.61%,但建设用地的生态承载力上升幅度达27.08%。(2)滇池流域生态承载力与三大系统要素相关性较好,其耦合形态呈"J"、"L"型、"U"型和倒置的"S"型等。(3)对耦合形态的形成机理进行分析,其结果表明:城镇化、社会经济的发展以及流域内粗放型的经济增长方式对形成这种耦合形态的影响较大。     

滇池表层沉积物中重金属污染特征及评价

对1995~2011年滇池表层沉积物中As、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn和Hg等7种重金属的含量及其分布特征进行了分析研究,结果表明,7种重金属元素的平均含量均明显高于云南省土壤背景值,10个沉积物采样点S1~S10均已受到不同程度的重金属污染,其中,草海的污染程度高于外海;相关性和主成份分析结果显示,滇池沉积物中As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn可能具有相同的污染来源。采用地质累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对1995~2011年滇池表层沉积物重金属污染状况进行了评价,结果表明,草海表层沉积物中重金属Igeo年均值在0.41~4.44之间,按污染等级划分,除Cr属"轻度"外,其它重金属元素均处于"中度"到"偏重度"污染;同期外海表层沉积物中重金属的Igeo年均值在0.41~2.59之间,Cd和Pb分别属于"中度"和"偏中度"污染,其它5种金属属于"轻度"污染,草海沉积物重金属的污染程度高于外海。草海7种重金属元素的RI均值为861.3,潜在生态危害达到了"严重"程度,各金属的生态危害程度顺序为Cd > Hg > As > Cu > Pb > Zn > Cr,Cd和Hg是主要的重金属生态危害因子;同期外海RI均值为236.4,达到"中等"生态危害程度,各金属的生态危害程度顺序为Cd > Hg > Pb > As > Cu > Cr > Zn,Cd是主要的重金属生态危害污染物。     

滇池PAHs的沉积记录、来源及其生态风险评估

采用GC/MS方法分析了滇池沉积柱中16种美国EPA优控的多环芳烃(PAHs)的垂直分布状况,并对其来源变化及生态风险进行了分析和评估.研究表明:滇池沉积柱中PAHs的含量范围为558～6418 ng·g-1,并在20世纪90年代初达到峰值,这明显不同于发达国家的同类研究,也与国内沿海地区和偏远湖泊的相关研究有所不同.滇池沉积物中的PAHs主要来自当地的家庭燃煤、木材和生物秸秆等的低温燃烧过程,但工业燃煤和机动车尾气等高温燃烧过程释放的PAHs的相对含量近年来有明显增加的趋势.风险评估结果显示,滇池中上层沉积物中的PAHs可能存在潜在的生态风险,而这些生态风险主要来自低环数的NAP、FLU、PHEN和高环数的BbF、BaP、DBA等.     

滇池流域土地利用变化与入湖河流水质关系研究

以昆明滇池东南岸流域为例,利用逐步回归模型分析了流域土地利用类型与流域湖泊水质之间的相关关系,发现水质污染指标与耕地始终呈现正相关,与林地始终呈现负相关,与城乡用地始终呈现负相关,对昆明滇池东南岸流域而言,耕地是入湖河流水质污染的主要来源,其污染贡献掩盖了城乡用地的贡献。     

基于SWMM的滇池环湖截污干渠系统运行效能分析

滇池环湖截污干渠工程是滇池环湖截污体系的重要组成部分,利用SWMM模型对滇池环湖截污干渠系统运行情况进行模拟,并对其运行效能进行分析。分析结果表明:典型降雨年景(降雨保证率分别为29.7%、93.8%和82.8%)下滇池环湖截污干渠对现状汇水范围内全年产生的污水收集率为29.52%~51.68%,对设计服务范围内产生的污水收集处理率为46.3%~67.9%。环湖截污干渠系统旱季收集处理效率明显高于雨季,各截污片区收集处理率存在明显差异。当重现期≤0.2年时环湖截污系统现状汇水范围内产生的污水及地表径流均能够被收集与处理;当重现期≤0.25年时环湖截污系统设计服务范围内产生的污水及地表径流能够完全被收集与处理。     

滇池流域宝象河暴雨径流初始冲刷效应

为了有效理解滇池非点源入湖过程,选择滇池流域宝象河开展暴雨径流初始冲刷效应的初步研究.2009年雨季,在其干流沿程上、中、下游设置3个断面进行了初期3场暴雨及河道水量、水质同步观测,并提出降雨净冲刷量、负荷净冲刷量以及净冲刷径流平均浓度EMCn的定义与计算方法.结果表明,宝象河TSS、TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数的EMCn、累积曲线M(V)随着河道沿程不透水地面比例和人口规模的增加而提高,TSS、TP负荷贡献率及其M(V)与降雨强度的变化趋势一致,而TN和高锰酸盐指数负荷贡献率则与降雨量表现正相关,其中TN中NO3--N所占比例随着降雨事件次数增加而逐渐降低;此外,提出的EMCn也被证实能有效消除各点位的基流及其负荷影响,相对冲刷径流平均浓度,更为真实反映且能放大沿程断面间、不同降雨事件间的暴雨初始冲刷效应的差异.     

滇池北岸典型农区韭菜田大气氮湿沉降与氮挥发研究

选择滇池北岸大清河下游典型农区韭菜田为对象,对雨水进行化学分析,研究了2007年大气氮湿沉降通量及其动态变化,并通过田间试验观测了地表(韭菜地土壤、韭菜废弃物原位腐解、沟渠污水)的氨氮挥发.结果表明,全年大气湿沉降氮(以N计)7.1kg/hm2,其中雨季(4～9月份)占89%.韭菜一次基施尿素(以N计)276kg/hm2,35d累计氨挥发占施氮量的32%,其中前9d氨挥发占总氨挥发96%.韭菜残体腐解21d累计氮挥发占植株氮23%.含氮7～51mg/L的污水(其中氨氮2.7～25.8mg/L)露天放置12d,水体总氮的27%～38%挥发进入大气.可见,韭菜田氮挥发是该地大气氮重要来源之一.     

Comprehensive evaluation of heavy metal contamination of sediment in Lake Dianchi by using modified AHP method and 137Cs dating

Through the use of general sampling and measurement by ¹³⁷ Cs dating, problems regarding the absence of monitoring data can easily be resolved. Further, weighted values need to be determined while Environment Quality Comprehensive Index (EQCI) is commonly used as applied in environmental quality comprehensive evaluation. In order to overcome the subjectivity in determining weights, the modified Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was designed. The modified AHP method involved the following key procedures: First, the parameters y _i1 and y _i2 were calculated based on the monitoring data; second, the factors were put in order according to the symbol and value of y _i1 and y _i2; third, the continuous odd integers, which represented the importance of factors, were given to factors according to their seating order; and, fourth, the factor weights were determined from the pair-wise comparison matrix calculated by the ratio of the given odd integers. Therefore, the weights were completely based on the monitoring data. In the present study, the comprehensive quality of sediments in five sections of Lake Dianchi were evaluated and the results indicated that the current contamination of sediments in each lake section is much more serious than at any other time in history. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(8): 1531–1536 [译自: 环境科学]     

Field experiment on biological contact oxidation process to treat polluted river water in the Dianchi Lake watershed

In this study two types of biological contact oxidation processes (BCOP), a step-feed (SBCOP) unit and an inter-recycle (IBCOP) unit, were designed to investigate the treatment of heavily polluted river water. The Daqing River, which is the largest pollutant contributor to the Dianchi Lake, one of the most eutrophic freshwater lakes in China, was taken for the case study. It was found that the SBCOP had higher adaptability and better performance in the reduction of COD, TN, and TP, which made it applicable for the treatment of polluted river water entering the Dianchi Lake. Nitrification rate was observed to be greatly affected by the influent temperature. During each season, the nitrification in the SBCOP was higher than that in the IBCOP. TN removal efficiency in the SBCOP was higher than that in the IBCOP during the winter and spring but poorer during the summer, possibly due to the inhibition of denitrification by higher dissolved oxygen level in the summer. Moreover, symbiotic algaebacteria growth may be conducive to the removal of pollutants.