溜井泡沫抑尘剂的研制及其抑尘性能实验研究

矿山溜井卸矿过程中产生的大量冲击性粉尘已成为矿井可呼吸性粉尘的主要来源,为了有效解决溜矿井卸矿时产生的大量冲击性粉尘,基于泡沫抑尘的机理,研究了发泡倍数和半衰期两个指标进行优选实验,通过正交法和单因素法优选出最佳的泡沫抑尘配方为十二烷基硫酸钠、月桂酸钠和聚丙乙酰胺,各成分的质量浓度分别为0.6%、0.8%与0.4%。结果表明,通过模拟溜井卸矿测得不同泡沫高度的抑尘效率在85%~95%之间,呼吸性粉尘的抑尘效率为87%左右,其时效性可达2h以上。     

基于农户满意度的耕地保护经济补偿政策绩效评价及障碍因子诊断

农户是耕地保护经济补偿政策的直接受益者,其满意度直接关系到耕地保护经济补偿政策的成效。论文从农户满意度的视角来研究耕地保护补偿政策绩效及其障碍因子的诊断方法,可为提高耕地保护补偿政策绩效提供决策依据。选取在全国创新探索农田生态补偿的上海市闵行区、苏州张家港市和率先试点耕地保护基金的四川省成都市为实施耕地保护补偿政策的典型地区,采用熵权改进的TOPSIS 法和障碍度模型,对耕地保护经济补偿政策绩效评价及其障碍因子诊断进行实证研究。研究结果表明:① 成都市、张家港市和上海市闵行区耕地保护补偿政策农户评价的绩效值分别为0.529、0.494 和0.461,对应的绩效水平分别为良好、一般和较差,农户满意度绩效存在显著的区域差异;② 影响三个地区耕地保护经济补偿政策农户绩效评价排序前5 位的障碍因子依次为对耕地保护补偿账务公开是否满意(C₈)、对政府部门关于耕地保护补偿资金的监督管理是否满意(C₁₀)、对耕地保护补偿资金使用要求是否满意(C₉)、对耕地保护补偿标准是否满意(C₃)和对耕地保护补偿资金分配是否满意(C₇);③ 建立耕地保护补偿政策实施绩效评价指标体系,并采用熵权改进的TOPSIS 法和障碍度模型对其进行评价,是合理可行的。不仅如此,通过障碍因子诊断,其指标评价信息可以揭示出耕地保护补偿政策存在的绩效问题,有利于促进耕地保护补偿政策绩效的进一步提升和完善。     

不同好氧/缺氧时长联合分区排泥优化生活污水短程硝化反硝化除磷颗粒系统运行

采用生活污水接种人工配水下成熟短程硝化反硝化除磷颗粒,通过不同好氧/缺氧时长联合分区排泥优化调控短程硝化反硝化除磷系统运行.结果表明,调控好氧/缺氧时长联合分区排泥可实现系统的稳定运行.后期稳定期出水COD浓度在50mg·L^-1以下,出水TN浓度低于15mg·L^-1,TN去除率达83%左右并保持平稳,出水P浓度均在0.5mg·L^-1以下,平均去除率为93.72%.同时,分区排泥（70%顶部污泥和30%底部污泥）可作为筛选微生物的途径,维持了良好的亚硝化和除磷性能,使粒径分布更为集中,并保证氨氧化菌（ammonia oxidizing bacteria,AOB）和反硝化聚磷菌（denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms,DPAOs）的生长优势.缺氧时长的增加提高了缺氧异养菌的生长速率,使得缺氧异养菌分泌出更多的EPS,确保了颗粒污泥性状的改善和后续维持稳定.     

热障效应对有顶步行街自然排烟的影响

为了研究热障效应对有顶商业步行街自然排烟的影响,采用理论分析与数值模拟相结合的方法,对不同高度及不同环境温度条件下有顶商业步行街自然排烟时顶棚附近的温度、能见度以及排烟效率进行了分析。结果表明:顶棚附近环境温度越高,自然排烟效果越差,自然排烟效率随顶棚热空气温度的升高呈现线性降低趋势;步行街高度越高,竖直方向的温度差越小,到达顶棚的烟气流速越小,排烟效率越低;当顶棚附近环境温度为45℃时,有顶商业步行街高度不宜超过35 m。     

污染物总量控制制度创新与未来发展的思考

为解决污染物总量控制制度创新及与排污许可制的关系,探索我国未来水环境总量控制制度的发展方向,对美国、欧盟等发达国家和地区以及我国水污染控制的发展历程进行了回顾和对比研究.结果表明:①控制污染物排放总量是改善水环境质量的根本措施,排污许可制是水环境管理的核心手段.②我国水污染总量控制研究起始于20世纪70年代末的容量总量控制研究,先后经历了理论探索、应用探索和理论深化3个阶段,在管理上则经历了排污许可制试行阶段、制度探索阶段、总量控制目标责任制阶段.③我国目前实施的总量控制仍然是目标总量控制,难以与地表水质直接挂钩.对我国水环境保护形势和相关法律政策的研究表明,我国从污染源达标排放控制1.0时代、目标总量控制2.0时代,逐步进入容量总量控制3.0时代的条件已基本成熟.建议以排污许可制作为推进总量控制3.0的重要抓手,完善相关制度建设,严格问责机制,确保容量总量控制的真正落实.      

氨法烟气脱硫技术及其进展

阐述了氨法烟气脱硫技术的原理和工艺特点.介绍了Walther氨法、AMASOX氨法、GE氨法、NADS氨-肥法、电子束氨法和流光放电氨法烟气脱硫工艺,重点介绍了新型流光放电氨法烟气脱硫技术的特点及其工程应用情况.展望了氨法烟气脱硫技术的应用前景.     

核电厂温排水余热综合利用方案设计的初步研究

核电厂温排水（循环冷却水）余热的充分利用,可以使原本要排放到大气或水域中的热量大大减少,甚至能实现电厂余热的＂零排放＂,在节约能源、产生巨大经济效益的同时,也达到了保护电厂温排水受纳水体免遭热污染的目的。在国内外温排水余热利用途径调研的基础上,运用生态工程理论和生态设计的理念,进行温排水余热综合利用方案设计的初步研究。     

Policy, Principle, and Practice in Industrial Pollution Control: Views from the Regulatory Interface

There has been much criticism of the system for the control of industrial pollution, but not much is known about the views of the regulators and the industry. The objective of this study was to explore the attitudes at this regulatory interface towards the current and proposed regulatory system and make recommendations for improvements. The methodology involved a questionnaire survey sent to over 700 key personnel. Statistical analysis revealed similarities and significant differences between the views of industry and the regulator on the effectiveness of the current regime. Weaknesses related to the derivation and enforcement of standards were identified. The Environmental Quality Standards system was acknowledged to be flawed by both operators and regulators who agreed it should be improved by the expansion of listed chemicals, the introduction of sediment environmental quality standards and direct toxicity assessment of effluents. This paper concludes that these measures should be incorporated into the regulatory system, together with more rigorous enforcement of environmental performance standards including serious sanctions for non-compliance. In the longer term, a reappraisal of the regulatory system is required in order to establish an appropriate framework to ensure that environmental policy commitments are implemented.     

Results of a program to control phosphorus discharges from dairy operations in south-central Florida,USA

During 1987–1992, a mandatory program to control phosphorus discharges was implemented at dairy operations located to the north of Lake Okeechobee, Florida, USA. Thirty of 48 dairies participated in this program and implemented best management practices (BMPs), which included the construction of intensive animal waste management systems. Eighteen dairies closed their milkproducing operations under a government-funded buyout program. In this paper, we compare trends in runoff total phosphorus (TP) concentrations among the dairies that remained active and implemented BMPs. A central feature of the dairy waste management system is the high intensity area (HIA), defined as the milking barn and adjacent vegetation-free land, encircled by a drainage ditch and dike. Animal waste from the HIA is diverted into anaerobic lagoons and storage ponds, from which water is periodically removed and used for irrigation of field crops. The impacts of BMP construction on runoff TP concentrations were immediate and, in most cases, dramatic. Average TP concentrations declined significantly (P < 0.001), from 9.0 to 1.2 mg TP liter^–1 at dairies in one basin (Lower Kissimmee River), and from 2.6 to 1.0 mg TP liter^–1 in another (Taylor Creek/Nubbin Slough). Some sites experienced greater declines in TP than others. To elucidate possible causes for the difference in response, a multivariate statistical model was utilized. Independent variables included soil pH, soil drainage characteristics, spodic horizon depth, and the areas of different BMP components (pasture, HIA, spray fields). The analysis significantly separated dairies with the highest and lowest runoff TP concentrations. Lowest TP occurred at dairies having particular soil characteristic (shallow spodic horizon) and certain BMP features (large HIA and small heard pastures).     

Evaluation of a System to Automatically Sample Zooplankton From the Discharge of Dams1

ABSTRACT: Automatic plankton samplers installed at two dams on the Connecticut River Continuously monitored crustacean zooplankton from October 1977 through 1979 and allowed a significant reduction in man-hours involved in an extensive sampling program. Automatic samplers efficiently sampled most species and size classes of crustacean zooplankton in a similar, but not consistently identical manner as a commonly used towed-net plankton sampler. The smallest sized zooplankton were captured more efficiently than the largest. Mesh selection and sampler avoidance exerted different influences on automatic samplers and towed nets. Future use of the samplers and direct comparison of results to results obtained by other methods was supported.