Cadna/A软件在高速铁路声环境影响评价中的应用

通过分析高速铁路噪声源及声屏障插入后的声传播特征,以Cadna/A噪声计算模式等为基础,建立了基于Cadna/A软件的高速铁路噪声预测模型。利用德国及我国建立在测试基础上的噪声源强数据及噪声预测模式对Cadna/A预测模型进行验证与修正,获得了与我国目前计算规范较一致的噪声预测结果。最后根据铁路声屏障特点,建立了铁路声屏障的Cadna/A计算模型,计算结果与实测结果差异较小。结果表明:只需对Cadna/A软件模型参数做适当验证性修正,该软件即可适用于我国高速铁路噪声环境影响的预测。同时,基于Cadna/A软件的铁路声屏障模型还可用于指导声屏障优化设计工作。     

基于地下水补给的河流水环境容量计算方法研究

受污染地下水以基流的形式渗入地表水,对其水环境容量产生了影响.文章在地下水连续补给下忽略弥散的一维稳态水质模型解析解的基础上,提出了地下水连续补给下河流水环境容量的计算方法.同时,推导出了水环境容量与地下水污染物浓度、补给强度的关系式以及临界地下水污染物浓度计算公式,最后通过案例检验了公式的实用性和正确性.研究认为:临...     

采用隔吸声屏障治理抚顺发电厂双曲线冷却塔噪声

抚顺发电厂供热机组两座双曲线自然通风冷却塔的噪声对该厂北厂界和敏感点（抚顺卫校）构成危害,经测试昼间和夜间噪声均超过排放标准。经方案论证,设置弧形鱼鳞状吸声型声屏障,噪声均达到相关标准规定,取得较好的环境与社会效益。     

输油管道静电放电形式及危害防护研究

油品管输过程中产生的静电是影响油料安全运输的主要危险源之一。总结了输油管道静电起电的宏观和微观过程及影响管道带电的因素,根据各种静电放电类型的发生条件以及金属、绝缘管道(软管、胶管)自身特性,分析得出金属管道的放电形式主要是电晕放电和火花放电,而绝缘管道的放电形式主要是火花放电和刷形放电。针对金属管道和绝缘管道输油作业中可能发生的静电危害事故,从油品进入管道前、管道中及其他如温湿度控制等3方面提出了一系列防护措施。     

水利枢纽工程环境影响评价中生态流量的问题研究

水利枢纽工程是指为满足各项水利工程兴利除害的目标,在河流或渠道的适宜地段修建的不同类型水工建筑物的综合体.按承担任务的不同,可分为防洪枢纽、供水枢纽、灌溉枢纽、水力发电枢纽和航运枢纽等.文章旨在总结从生态流量的设置、满足程度评价、措施等方面的经验,以便更合理、科学地设置生态流量并反馈至工程设计,减少工程开发对环境的影响.同时可避免在后续设计过程中进行平面布置、投资大幅调整.     

Hydrological Responses to Climate and Land‐Use Changes along the North American East Coast: A 110‐Year Historical Reconstruction

The North American east coast (NAEC) region experienced significant climate and land‐use changes in the past century. To explore how these changes have affected land water cycling, the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM 2.0) was used to investigate the spatial and temporal variability of runoff and river discharge during 1901‐2010 in the study area. Annual runoff over the NAEC was 420 ± 61 mm/yr (average ± standard deviation). Runoff increased in parts of the northern NAEC but decreased in some areas of the southern NAEC. Annual freshwater discharge from the study area was 378 ± 61 km³/yr (average ± standard deviation). Factorial simulation experiments suggested that climate change and variability explained 97.5% of the interannual variability of runoff and also resulted in the opposite changes in runoff in northern and southern regions of the NAEC. Land‐use change reduced runoff by 5‐22 mm/yr from 1931 to 2010, but the impacts were divergent over the Piedmont region and Coastal Plain areas of the southern NAEC. Land‐use change impacts were more significant at local and watershed spatial scales rather than at regional scales. Different responses of runoff to changing climate and land‐use should be noted in future water resource management. Hydrological impacts of afforestation and deforestation as well as urbanization should also be noted by land‐use policy makers.     

Development and Evaluation of Bankfull Hydraulic Geometry Relationships for the Physiographic Regions of the United States

Bankfull hydraulic geometry relationships are used to estimate channel dimensions for streamflow simulation models, which require channel geometry data as input parameters. Often, one nationwide curve is used across the entire United States (U.S.) (e.g., in Soil and Water Assessment Tool), even though studies have shown that the use of regional curves can improve the reliability of predictions considerably. In this study, regional regression equations predicting bankfull width, depth, and cross‐sectional area as a function of drainage area are developed for the Physiographic Divisions and Provinces of the U.S. and compared to a nationwide equation. Results show that the regional curves at division level are more reliable than the nationwide curve. Reliability of the curves depends largely on the number of observations per region and how well the sample represents the population. Regional regression equations at province level yield even better results than the division‐level models, but because of small sample sizes, the development of meaningful regression models is not possible in some provinces. Results also show that drainage area is a less reliable predictor of bankfull channel dimensions than bankfull discharge. It is likely that the regional curves can be improved using multiple regression models to incorporate additional explanatory variables.     

Resilience assessment of chemical industrial areas during Natech-related cascading multi-hazards

In chemical industrial areas, technological accidents triggered by natural events (Natech events) may escalate. Complex cascading multi-hazard scenarios with high uncertainties may be caused. Resilience is an essential property of a system to withstand and recover from disruptive events. The present study focuses on the change of the resilience level due to (possible) interactions between cascading hazards, chemical installations and safety barriers during the dynamic evolution of fire escalations triggered by a natural hazard (certain cascading multi-hazard scenarios). A quantitative resilience assessment method is developed to this end. The state transition of a system facing accidents in the context of resilience is explored. Moreover, the uncertainties accompanying an accident evolution are quantified using a Dynamic Bayesian Network, allowing a detailed analysis of the system performance in different time steps. System resilience is measured as a time-dependent function with respect to the change of system performance. The applicability of the proposed methodology is demonstrated by a case study, and the effects of different configurations of safety barriers on improving resilience are discussed. The results are valuable to support disaster prevention within chemical industrial areas.     

湿式电除尘器极配改进及性能测定

极配形式作为电除尘器的核心组成部分,对电晕放电特性的影响十分重要。电除尘器极配系统电晕放电性能可用伏安特性曲线来描述和判断。通过实验研究了电场风速、雾滴粒径和喷水量对湿式电除尘器电晕放电特性的影响。结果表明:电场风速对起晕电压和火花放电电压的影响不大;在相同的试验条件下,随着电场风速的增大,伏安特性曲线向下偏移;在相同的电压下,雾滴粒径越大,电晕电流越大,但火花放电电压却降低;在一定的电场风速下,随着喷水量的增大,伏安特性曲线有向上偏移的趋势,但火花放电电压比不喷水时要低得多。     

Decomposition of trifluoromethane in a dielectric barrier discharge non-thermal plasma reactor

The decomposition of trifluoromethane (CHF₃) was carried out using non-thermal plasma generated in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor. The effects of reactor temperature, electric power, initial concentration and oxygen content were examined. The DBD reactor was able to completely destroy CHF₃ with alumina beads as a packing material. The decomposition efficiency increased with increasing electric power and reactor temperature. The destruction of CHF₃ gradually increased with the addition of O₂ up to 2%, but further increase in the oxygen content led to a decrease in the decomposition efficiency. The degradation pathways were explained with the identified by-products. The main by-products from CHF₃ were found to be COF₂, CF₄, CO₂ and CO although the COF₂ and CF₄ disappeared when the plasma were combined with alumina catalyst.