An Ecological and Economic Assessment Methodology for Coastal Ecosystem Management

An adaptation of the Drivers-Pressure-State-Impact-Response methodology is presented in this work. The differential DPSIR (ΔDPSIR) was developed to evaluate impacts on the coastal environment and as a tool for integrated ecosystem management. The aim of the ΔDPSIR is to provide scientifically-based information required by managers and decision-makers to evaluate previously adopted policies, as well as future response scenarios. The innovation of the present approach is to provide an explicit link between ecological and economic information related to the use and management of a coastal ecosystem within a specific timeframe. The application of ΔDPSIR is illustrated through an analysis of developments in a Southwest European coastal lagoon between 1985 and 1995. The value of economic activities dependent on the lagoon suffered a significant reduction (ca. −60%) over that period, mainly due to a decrease in bivalve production. During that decade the pressures from the catchment area were managed (ca. 176 million Euros), mainly through the building of waste water treatment plants. Notwithstanding this, the ecosystem state worsened with respect to abnormal clam mortalities due to a parasite infection and to benthic eutrophication symptoms in specific problematic areas. The negative economic impacts during the decade were estimated between −565 and −315 million Euros, of which 9–49% represent the cost of environmental externalities. Evaluation of these past events indicates that future management actions should focus on reducing the limitation on local clam seeds, which should result in positive impacts to both the local socio-economy and biodiversity.     

Reactive chemical hazards of diazonium salts

Many diazonium salts are thermally unstable and sensitive to friction and shock. Most diazonium salts are known for their violent decomposition hazard in the solid state. There are many industrial and laboratory incidents caused by this group of chemicals. For safety purposes, the hazards related to the preparation and the handling of diazonium salts are discussed. Twelve cardinal rules are provided:1. Use only a stoichiometric amount of sodium nitrite when generating diazonium salts, avoiding excess sodium nitrite.2. Check for the excess of nitrous acid by starch–potassium iodide papers and neutralize it.3. Minimize the presence of nitrous acid by combining amine and acid first, then subsequently adding the sodium nitrite.4. Keep the temperature below 5 °C.5. Always vent the gases generated.6. Determine the thermal stability of diazonium compounds in your system.7. Understand the explosive properties of diazonium salts. If unknown, always assume they are explosive.8. Never allow the undesired precipitation of diazonium salts out of solution.9. Analyze the residual diazo compounds in the final product, especially for new process conditions.10. Quench the remaining diazonium salts before any further treatments.11. Isolate no more than 0.75 mmol of explosive diazonium salts at one time; also consider the addition of an inert material to stabilize the diazonium salts.12. Use a plastic spatula when handling the solid. The dried powder should not be “scratched” with a metal spatula or ground finely.An example of a testing strategy and data interpretation is provided for a process which has multiple steps and two diazonium compounds. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Heat of Mixing calorimetry (HOM) successfully serve as efficient tests to screen thermal stability and gas generation, identifying the candidates for advanced tests.     

过氧化氢异丙苯热稳定性与热安全性研究

为研究过氧化氢异丙苯(CHP)的热稳定性和热安全性,利用C80微量量热仪对CHP在空气中的热分解进行试验研究。利用热分析技术研究CHP的热分解,得到了升温速率对CHP热分解的影响,CHP热分解的活化能,绝热条件下最大反应速率到达时间Tmrad和不同包装下的自加速分解温度。结果表明:随着升温速率的增加,CHP的起始放热温度和最大放热温度随之升高;CHP热分解的活化能范围为52～91 kJ/mol;Tmrad为1,8,24,50和100 h时对应的起始温度分别为118.08,75.41,55.83,44.83和34.52℃;CHP的储罐内径越大,其对应的自加速分解温度越低。     

复合乳化剂对乳化炸药热安全性影响研究

为了探究复合乳化剂对乳化炸药热分解特性的影响,使用C80微量热仪通过MC法研究了乳化剂A(SP80)和乳化剂B(T152)作为单一乳化剂和复合乳化剂(加入比例为1:1、1:2、2:1)制备的乳化炸药。以升温速率为0.5K/min时的C80热流速曲线为基础来求解5种炸药热分解反应的表观活化能(Ea)、指前因子(lnA)等热安全参数。结果表明,使用复合乳化剂制备的乳化炸药稳定性均高于使用单一乳化剂的乳化炸药。采用复合乳化剂可导致乳化剂分子间排斥作用降低,使分子排列更紧密,增加了界面膜的致密性。当加入的乳化剂比例为m(SP80):m(T152)=1:2时,由于两种乳化剂相互作用形成致密的复合界面膜,其稳定性最高。     

Thermal decomposition kinetic of liquid organic peroxides

This study demonstrates the application of isothermal calorimeter for investigating the thermal decomposition of several liquid organic peroxides, such as t-Butyl peroxy acetate (TBPA), Di-tert butyl peroxide (DTBP), and Cumene hydroperoxide (CHP). The decomposition mechanism and kinetic can be identified from case to case. TBPA and DTBP undergo first order reaction, whereas CHP occurs autocatalysis. Accurate kinetic can be assessed on the basis of discerning these various schemes of given samples. Consequently, the thermal runaway or reactive hazards potential of organic peroxides can be determined, for instance as a self accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT).     

新一代评估方法——锥形量热仪(CONE)法在材料阻燃研究中的应用

利用新一代评估方法———锥形量热仪法对材料阻燃机理、材料危险性等级划分、烟毒释放评价、材料燃烧性及阻燃性评价等方面的应用进行了分析讨论 ,结果表明锥形量热仪法对阻燃剂、阻燃制品的研究开发及阻燃剂在火灾中的行为研究具有重要意义。     

汽车后桥壳的液压胀形工艺及模具设计

汽车后桥壳主要由冲压—焊接和铸造这两种工艺方法生产而成.此文讨论了一种新型的汽车后桥壳生产工艺,轴向加压的液压胀形法,并讨论了它的工艺制定及模具设计的一些基本方法,对汽车后轿壳的液压胀形工艺的进一步完善和发展提供了一定的基础.最后,还推测了液压胀形这种新型的工艺方法和发展方向.     

Barley lipid-transfer protein as heavy metal scavenger

A lipid-transfer protein was isolated from a domestic cultivar of brewers barley grain, Hordeum vulgare. The presence of Cu (II), Pb (II), Cd (II) and Zn (II) ions in its structure and its ability to bind Hg (II) and Ni (II) ions is known. We investigated its ability to bind other metal ions by differential pulse polarography. Here we demonstrate that the lipid-transfer protein has an affinity to bind Co (II) and Pb (II) and has no affinity towards Cd (II), Cu (II), Zn (II) and Cr (III). These results suggest a new possible role of barley lipid-transfer protein for phytoextraction.Selected article from the Regional Symposium on Chemistry and Environment, Krusevac, Serbia, June 2003, organised by Dr. Branimir Jovancicevic     

White tail plumage and brood sex ratio in dark-eyed juncos (<Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Junco hyemalis thurberi</Emphasis>)

Theory, empirical examples, and recently, proximate mechanisms point to the possibility of adaptive sex ratio adjustment in various organisms. General predictions state that a female should adjust her offspring sex ratio to maximize the benefits or minimize the costs of reproduction given her physical condition or current social and environmental conditions. I tested for an influence of male attractiveness on brood sex ratio in a population of dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis thurberi) by manipulating a male’s white outer tail feathers (“tail white”). Experimentally increasing male tail white did not significantly affect sex ratio, nor was premanipulated male tail white significantly related to brood sex ratio. However, the amount of white on the female’s outer tail feathers, independently of female condition, was positively related to the number of sons in a brood. Determining how a female’s potential genetic contribution to her sons’ attractiveness influences offspring sex ratio should be a priority for future research.     

绝热加速量热仪研究锂离子电池电解液热安全性

利用绝热加速量热仪对商业锂离子电池中常用的3种电解液进行了热分析实验,并根据测试结果评价了其热安全性.3种电解液的初始反应温度均在180～200℃之间;运用绝热理论模型,得到3种电解液热分解反应的活化能Ea分别为(246.202±2.866)kJ·mol、(277.94±7.49)kJ·mol-1和(778.81±34.86)kJ·mol-1;每克样品反应终止时压力分别达到2173.84kPa、2 074.80kPa和2408.65 kPa,压力升高值△P分别为:819.42 kPa、1 619.37 kPa和808.54 kPa.