Knowledge gain and behavioral change in citizen-science programs

Citizen-science programs are often touted as useful for advancing conservation literacy, scientific knowledge, and increasing scientific-reasoning skills among the public. Guidelines for collaboration among scientists and the public are lacking and the extent to which these citizen-science initiatives change behavior is relatively unstudied. Over two years, we studied 82 participants in a three-day program that included education about non-native invasive plants and collection of data on the occurrence of those plants. Volunteers were given background knowledge about invasive plant ecology and trained on a specific protocol for collecting invasive plant data. They then collected data and later gathered as a group to analyze data and discuss responsible environmental behavior with respect to invasive plants. We tested whether participants without experience in plant identification and with little knowledge of invasive plants increased their knowledge of invasive species ecology, participation increased knowledge of scientific methods, and participation affected behavior. Knowledge of invasive plants increased on average 24%, but participation was insufficient to increase understanding of how scientific research is conducted. Participants reported increased ability to recognize invasive plants and increased awareness of effects of invasive plants on the environment, but this translated into little change in behavior regarding invasive plants. Potential conflicts between scientific goals, educational goals, and the motivation of participants must be considered during program design.     

基于网络的交通安全宣传教育研究

为了建立我国交通安全宣传教育网络平台,通过网络平台进行多形式的交通安全宣传教育。采用网站检索的方法,梳理了国内、外主要城市交通安全宣传教育网站,并从专业性、系统性、针对性、形式多样性等角度进行研究。研究发现国外交通安全网站具有分类细致、系统性强、参与互动性强等特点。因此建议我国应加快明确重点教育人群,建立系统性的、专业的、多形式的交通安全宣教内容,引入社会团体等加入宣传教育的队伍,提高全面积极参与、提高关注度。     

On-road and simulated driving: concurrent and discriminant validation

Introduction

A converging pair of studies investigated the validity of a simulator for measuring driving performance/skill.

Study 1

A concurrent validity study compared novice driver performance during an on-road driving test with their performance on a comparable simulated driving test.

Results

Results showed a reasonable degree of concordance in terms of the distribution of driving errors on-road and errors on the simulator. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between the two when driver performance was rank ordered according to errors, further establishing the relative validity of the simulator. However, specific driving errors on the two tasks were not closely related suggesting that absolute validity could not be established and that overall performance is needed to establish the level of skill.

Study 2

A discriminant validity study compared driving performance on the simulator across three groups of drivers who differ in their level of experience - a group of true beginners who had no driving experience, a group of novice drivers who had completed driver education and had a learner's permit, and a group of fully licensed, experienced drivers.

Results

The findings showed significant differences among the groups in the expected direction -- the various measures of driving errors showed that beginners performed worse than novice drivers and that experienced drivers had the fewest errors. Collectively, the results of the concurrent and discriminant validity studies support the use of the simulator as a valid measure of driving performance for research purposes.

Impact on industry

These findings support the use of a driving simulator as a valid measure of driving performance for research purposes. Future research should continue to examine validity between on-road driving performance and performance on a driving simulator and the use of simulated driving tests in the evaluation of driver education/training programs.     

构建校园体育文化环境教育体系之研究

从教育学的角度把体育文化环境分成七个重要组成部分:体育社会环境、体育生活环境、信息环境、比赛环境、体育教学环境、绿色体育环境与法制体育环境等。提出“高校体育文化环境”,并论述了体育文化环境的组成、特点、作用、在育人方面重要的价值,结合新时期大学生的特点提出建设校园体育文化的重要性及基本要求,强调体育文化环境重要意义,建议在认识到重视体育文化环境对高校及大学生的重要影响的同时,逐步营造出适合于大学生的个性发展、全面发展的真正的体育文化环境。     

美国应急管理专业研究生培养体系借鉴*

为满足应急体制建设进入新的发展阶段后我国对应急管理高级人才的迫切需求,加快培养高素质应急管理实践与应用型人才。以美国15所开设应急管理专业的高校的硕士（文理）、博士（文理）为样本,对美国应急教育现状和培养方案进行全面梳理,包括教育目标、课程设置、人才储备等。研究结果表明:美国应急管理专业研究生教育系统性强,注重应用性与专业性。对比我国应急管理学科现状,提出将研究生培养成为兼具跨学科背景、经过充分实践训练的高素质人才的建议。研究结果可为我国应急管理专业研究生培养提供科学参考。     

我国海冰的可能最大厚度

我国的渤海和黄海北部近岸海域，每年冬季都有海冰出现，渤海的辽东湾是我国冰情最严重海区。在渤海，特别是辽东湾，海注作用力是海洋工程设计的控制荷载。海注的厚度是计算海冰作用力的重要参数之一。本文根据渤海辽东湾北部鲅鱼圈和盘锦海洋站的气温和海冰观测资料，建立了计算海冰厚度的经验公式，并据此估算了我国平整海冰的可能最大厚度为８０ｃｍ。     

震灾保险新制式与国内外现行制式的比较研究

本文概括分析了国外震灾保险制式的形成思路、实施准则及其局限性；指出国内大多数研究模式受传统观念的制约，只能是对国外制式的效仿和沿袭；进而介绍了一种能够有效克服一般模式弊病的新型震灾保险制式，并对其实质与科学蕴涵作了简略阐述。     

确立灾害评估标准是我国“国际减灾十年”目标的重要问题

本文通过许多实例.从测、报、抗、防、救等几个方面论述灾害评估标准的重要性,进而说明了灾害评估与减灾管理以及灾情统计的密切关系.文中还根据我国近几年灾害经济损失的情况对90年代的减灾目标提出了看法.     

OREGON WATER QUALITY INDEX A TOOL FOR EVALUATING WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS1

ABSTRACT: The Oregon Water Quality Index (OWQI) is a single number that expresses water quality by integrating measurements of eight water quality variables (temperature, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, pH, ammonia+nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, total solids, and fecal coliform). Its purpose is to provide a simple and concise method for expressing the ambient water quality of Oregon's streams for general recreational use, including fishing and swimming. The OWQI, originally developed in the 1970s, has been updated based upon improved understanding about water quality behavior. This report describes the historical basis of the OWQI and defines the improved design of the present OWQI. The index allows users to easily interpret data and relate overall water quality variation to variations in specific categories of impairment. This report demonstrates the value of the OWQI in presenting spatial and temporal water quality information. The OWQI improves comprehension of general water quality issues, communicates water quality status, and illustrates the need for and effectiveness of protective practices.     

互动式环境教育环境教学的全新模式

互动式是新兴的环境教学模式 ,本文阐述了互动式与传统教学的区别 ,探讨了互动式环境教学的方式、方法。