苯并芘对稀有鮈鲫的内分泌干扰效应研究

为评价典型有机污染物对长江三峡库区上游特有珍稀鱼类的环境风险,本实验以稀有鮈鲫为对象,研究了低剂量多环芳烃(PAHs)暴露而引起的内分泌干扰效应.将成年稀有鮈鲫暴露于不同浓度(0、0.1、0.3、1.0和3.0μg·L-1)的苯并芘(Ba P)中28 d,测定了体质系数、性激素含量、下丘脑-垂体-性腺(HPG)轴和肝脏中与繁殖相关基因的表达.结果显示:在雌鱼中,Ba P暴露后,睾酮(T)的含量显著升高,雌二醇(E2)的水平显著下降并改变了T/E2的比值;在雄鱼中,T和E2的含量都显著下降.雌雄鱼性激素的改变可能与类固醇合成相关基因(Cyp17、Cyp19a)表达量的改变有关.Ba P暴露显著抑制了雌雄鱼肝脏中卵黄蛋白原(VTG)基因的表达.以上检测到的激素或者基因表达的改变主要发生在高剂量(3.0μg·L-1)Ba P暴露下,而长江上游库区水体中多环芳烃含量较低(100 ng·L-1),因此推测,库区存在的多环芳烃不会对三峡库区上游水体中的鱼类产生内分泌干扰效应.     

浅议促进企业进行环境管理的方法

企业是环境污染的重要源头，企业污染是政府进行环境监督、管理的工作重点。但政府单纯凭借法律、行政和经济手段是不够的，还应该充分调动企业自身进行环境管理、参与环境保护的积极性和主动性，即压力和动力并重。为此，政府应加大对社会、对企业的环保宣传力度，使企业认识到环境效益、社会效益和经济效益存在着一致性和互促性。此外，政府还应加在ISO14000环境管理系列标准的宣传，使企业提早准备、积极行动以提高企业在市场中的竞争力。     

计算机辅助安全评价技术

本文论述了计算机辅助安全评价技术的国际进展情况,给出了我国发展计算机安全评价技术的建议.     

Community-Based Integrated Watershed Management

1 INTRODUCTIONIn the past, natural resources management initiatives havefocused on large but specific sector projects such as dams,reservoirs for water supply schemes, irrigation systems,crop production, at forestation, etc. Often these projectswere treated as technical and administrative issues ratherthan as a socio-economic and political one. However, thehigh social and environmental cost of such schemes haveled to a change of paradigm since the 1980s towards small-scale community projec…     

Supporting Diverse Data Providers in the Open Water Data Initiative: Communicating Water Data Quality and Fitness of Use

Shared, trusted, timely data are essential elements for the cooperation needed to optimize economic, ecologic, and public safety concerns related to water. The Open Water Data Initiative (OWDI) will provide a fully scalable platform that can support a wide variety of data from many diverse providers. Many of these will be larger, well‐established, and trusted agencies with a history of providing well‐documented, standardized, and archive‐ready products. However, some potential partners may be smaller, distributed, and relatively unknown or untested as data providers. The data these partners will provide are valuable and can be used to fill in many data gaps, but can also be variable in quality or supplied in nonstandardized formats. They may also reflect the smaller partners' variable budgets and missions, be intermittent, or of unknown provenance. A challenge for the OWDI will be to convey the quality and the contextual “fitness” of data from providers other than the most trusted brands. This article reviews past and current methods for documenting data quality. Three case studies are provided that describe processes and pathways for effective data‐sharing and publication initiatives. They also illustrate how partners may work together to find a metadata reporting threshold that encourages participation while maintaining high data integrity. And lastly, potential governance is proposed that may assist smaller partners with short‐ and long‐term participation in the OWDI.     

ISO14000系列标准在现代企业环境管理中的应用

从现代企业环境管理角度，分析了ISO14000系列国际标准的应用，根据实践经验，探讨了在实施应用中应将先进的管理理念融入到企业环境管理中去，从而改善企业环境管理水平，提高企业的经济效益和环境效益。     

Evaluation of Rio Grande Management Alternatives Using a Surface‐Water/Ground‐Water Model1

Abstract: Previous investigations observed significant seepage losses from the Rio Grande to the shallow aquifer between Socorro and San Antonio, New Mexico. High‐resolution telescopic modeling was used along a 10‐km reach of the Rio Grande and associated drains and canals to evaluate several management alternatives aimed at improving river conveyance efficiency. Observed data consisted of ground‐water and surface‐water elevations, seepage rates along the Rio Grande and associated canals and drains, and borehole geology. Model calibration was achieved by adjusting hydraulic conductivity and specific storage until the output matched observed data. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the system was responsive to changes in hydrogeologic properties, especially when such alterations increased vertical connectivity between layers. The calibrated model predicted that removal of the low flow conveyance channel, a major channel draining the valley, would not only decrease river seepage by 67%, but also decrease total flow through the reach by 75%. The decreased flow through the reach would result in increased water logging and an average increase in ground‐water elevations of 1.21 meter. Simulations of the system with reduced riparian evapotranspiration rates or a relocated river channel also predicted decreased river seepage, but to a much lesser degree.     

Stand density index applied to timber and goshawk habitat objectives in Douglas-fir

Silvicultural guidelines are presented for the management of intermountain Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands for sawtimber production and goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) nesting habitat in the northern Rocky Mountains. Data from 14 goshawk nest stands in Douglas-fir forests on the Targhee National Forest in Idaho (Patla 1991) were used to characterize the range of stand conditions considered suitable for goshawk nesting. A density management regime is presented using Reineke's stand density index that includes a technical rotation designed to produce sawlogs with a single commercial thinning. On average timber-growing sites, stands reach goshawk habitat suitability when site height is 25 m at age 75 and provide 65 years of goshawk nesting habitat until the final harvest at age 140. Approximately 1320 m³/ha are harvested over the rotation. On higher-quality sites, rotation length declines from 140 to 85 years, of which roughly 35 years are suitable for goshawk nesting.     

Estimation of thyroid doses and health risks resulting from the intake of radioactive iodine in foods and drinking water by the citizens of Tokyo after the Fukushima nuclear accident

The release of radioactive materials from the Fukushima nuclear power plant after the Great East Japan Earthquake on 11 March 2011 poses health risks. In this study, the intake of iodine 131 (I-131) in drinking water and foods (milk, dairy products, and vegetables) by citizens of Tokyo was estimated. The effects of countermeasures (restrictions on the distribution of foods and the distribution of bottled water for infants) on reducing intake were also evaluated. The average thyroid equivalent doses without countermeasures from 21 March 2011 were 0.42 mSv in adults, 1.49 mSv in children, and 2.08 mSv in infants. Those with countermeasures were 0.28, 0.97, and 1.14 mSv respectively, reductions of 33%, 35%, and 45%. Drinking water contributed more to intake by adults and children than foods. The intake of I-131 within the first 2 weeks was more than 80% of the estimated intake, owing to its short half-life, indicating that rapid countermeasures are important in reducing intake. The average risks of cancer incidence and mortality due to I-131 for infants were estimated to be 3 × 10⁻⁵ and 0.2 × 10⁻⁵, respectively, lower than the annual risks of traffic accidents, naturally occurring radioactive material (potassium 40), and environmental pollutants such as diesel exhaust particles.