化学絮凝法处理PVC生产废水

用９种无机絮凝剂（包括无机高分子）对ＰＶＣ生产废水的絮凝效果进行了比较和选择：选用聚合硫酸铝（ＰＡＳ）为絮凝剂，用以取代进口药剂对ＰＶＣ废水的絮凝沉淀处理，进行了实验室工艺条件试验，确定其使用的最佳工艺条件。结果表明，当废水进水ＰＨ值为６．０－７．０时，ＰＡＳ的投加量最小，而ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率＞９０％，这表明用国产ＰＡＳ取代进口药剂处理ＰＶＣ废水是完全可行的。     

Odour-guided social behaviour in newborn and young cats: an analytical survey

Summary. This article surveys early chemosensory mechanisms regulating behaviour in neonatal and juvenile domestic cats (Felis sylvestris catus). It aims to retrieve material from the available literature which may promote a better understanding of the semiochemical system that supports female-to-kitten exchanges. Studies dealing with the development of olfaction from birth through weaning are presented in three sections. The first aims at locating developmental periods suitable for applying analytical procedures combining behaviour and chemistry. The second section offers a survey of observational and experimental work related to the role of olfaction in the social and feeding behaviour of kittens before weaning. The final section traces the current knowledge on the odour sources and substrates that may be involved in early mother-kitten transactions.     

Dynamics of household energy consumption in a traditional African city, Ibadan

In the last three decades the Nigerian environment has experienced rapid degradation. A major contributory factor of this phenomenon is the pattern of socioeconomic development in the country that gives little or no consideration to environmental outcomes. An aspect of this development is the economic policy of removal of subsidies on petroleum products initiated in 1986 as a result of the worsening economic situation in the country which begun in the early 1980s. The result of this is that prices of commercial fuels inclusive of kerosene and LPG (cooking gas) have continued to rise beyond the reach of majority of the Nigerian population. The paper examines the effect of increasing prices of petroleum-derived energy sources on the pattern of energy use for cooking in low and middle-income households and the environmental implication in Ibadan, the largest truly indigenous urban centre in sub-Saharan Africa. Results show that prior to the further subsidy removal of 1993, majority of households sampled used kerosene for cooking. Thereafter, a complete or partial switch in the pattern of domestic energy consumption ensued with more households using fuel wood and other more polluting and less efficient energy sources for cooking. The paper recommends a transition towards more environmental friendly energy sources for household use.     

卡鲁塞尔氧化沟处理低浓度煤矿工广生活污水的效果分析

结合煤矿工广生活污水处理厂的实际运行情况,对卡鲁塞尔氧化沟处理低浓度煤矿工广生活污水的效果进行分析和研究。结果表明,对CODcr、悬浮物和氨氮的去除率分别达到71％、96．7％和53％。由于低碳源、低营养的影响,氧化沟的污泥浓度（MLSS）只能保持在900-1300mg／L。适当控制氧化沟的曝气量,保持溶解氧在2．5-3．5mg／L,有利于氧化沟保持较高污泥浓度。     

Testosterone: from initiating change to modulating social organisation in domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Testosterone (T) concentrations in many species are sensitive to seasonal changes and to changes in social conditions. However, the effect of the natural or endogenous T increase in the juvenile on their social behaviour is not well understood. In this study, T and behaviour were measured from the pro-social juvenile to the adult stage in semi-feral domestic fowl. During the pro-social phase T levels and the distance chicks maintained between each other, i.e. inter-individual distance (IID) were low. Then, as T increased, a corresponding increase in IID occurred and continued in males until dispersal to individual adult male territories. In the new and initially stable adult social structure, T declined and IID remained high, indicating a new behavioural mechanism was in place. Males first mated as T levels were declining. They were then challenged; then T increased, and then IID increased again. Adult male T levels fluctuate, being low or declining in a socially stable environment and increasing following a challenge, suggesting a regulatory or modulating role for T. The results are consistent with T having an endogenous role: in the juvenile, driving behavioural change towards adulthood, and in adulthood, a modulating role regulating social organisation.     

浅析铁岭市废水排放对辽河水质的影响

通过对铁岭市工业废水及生活污水排放状况的综合分析,评价出铁岭市对辽河上游段水质的影响,为辽河流域污染防治提供依据。     

Microbial fuel cell with three-dimensional electrodes for domestic wastewater treatment and electricity generation北大核心CSCD

A single chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) with three-dimensional electrodes packed bed carbon felts was developed to treat domestic wastewater while simultaneously generating electricity. The influence of batch and continuous operation mode on treatment effectiveness and electricity production of the MFC was investigated to provide a reference for the application of the MFC. The MFC with a total working volume of 1 440 mL was operated in the fed-batch mode for 5 d repeatedly three times, and then shifted to the continuous mode. During the testing of the continuous mode, wastewater was continuously pumped into the anode compartment at a flow rate of approximately 0.2 mL/min, resulting in a hydraulic retention time of 5 d. During the batch test, the MFC obtained 91.1% chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 98.2% NH4 +-N removal, which accorded with the first criteria specified in the discharge standard of pollutants for municipal wastewater treatment plants in China (GB18918-2002). A maximum power density of 27.88 mW/m3 was achieved at a 51 Ω external resistor. During the continuous test, the COD removal efficiencies ranged from 83.2% to 97.4%. The concentration of NH4 +-N gradually decreased within 5 d and was then maintained below 9.45 mg/L, thus an enhanced removal performance of NH4 +-N was acquired. However, a low removal efficiency of total nitrogen was observed owing to the accumulation of NO3 --N in the effluent since day 11. Additionally, the MFC continually generated electricity with a maximum power density of 582.5 mW/m3 and average output voltage of 0.087 7 V during the stable period in the continuous operation mode. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing showed that Thauera sp., Saprospiraceae-UN sp., and OPB56-UN sp. were identified as dominant populations. The results suggested that the organic matter associated with power generation was constantly utilized by the microorganisms in the reactor, which caused an excellent electricity generation performance during the continuous test. Therefore, the continuous operation mode could improve the low output voltage phenomenon in the MFC. Thauera sp., as a type of nitrate-reducing bacteria, was enriched in the autotrophic denitrifying microbial communities; therefore, bio-enrichment with denitrifying bacteria such as Thauera sp. could decrease the concentration of NO3 --N in the effluent during the continuous operation mode, which is expected to be an innovation for improvement of wastewater treatment. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Characterisation of Indicator Organisms and Pathogens in Domestic Greywater for Recycling

Greywater from baths, showers and washbasins was collected separately from all other domestic wastewater at a university block of flats with a dual reticulation system and analysed for a range of contaminants including indicator organisms and pathogens. Greywater flow and temperature were also monitored and a diurnal variation was observed. Physical and chemical water quality parameters were similar to previously published data, although measured COD and BOD levels appeared to be lower, possibly due to settlement or biodegradation in the storage tanks. Plate counts and indicator organism concentrations were consistently high suggesting a high level of human bacterial contamination necessitating biological treatment and disinfection if the water is to be used for recycling. However, these high levels of indicator organisms did not correlate to pathogen presence and should not be used as pathogen indicators in greywater. One positive count of Salmonella veltereden was observed as well as low levels of Giardia. Cryptosporidium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, enteroviruses and Legionella were not identified in any of the samples. The research also highlighted a number of problems with the complexity of this type of sampling programme, such as identifying the most likely time to isolate pathogens and analysing an ‘unusual’ water source.     

成都市各区（市）县城镇生活垃圾处理对策

介绍了成都市各区（市）县生活垃圾的成分和处理现状,提出了将来成都市各区（市）县城镇垃圾无害化、资源化、减量化的处理方案。     

Domestic waste management and recovery in Hong Kong

This article presents a review of the current municipal solid waste (MSW) and domestic waste generation and recovery situation in Hong Kong and identifies the factors affecting the waste generation rates. The results show that before 1997, MSW and domestic waste generation rates were driven by population growth and growth in the gross domestic product, with the latter having the larger effect. But recent waste generation data show poor correlation between waste generation rates and economic and population figures due to the increase in recycling efforts in the community. The results are also reported of a small-scale survey to explore the public attitude to waste recovery. The results show that most domestic householders have developed habits to carry out separation of waste at source for recycling, but the amount of recyclables recovered was low.