机动车尾气中氮氧化物的分析检测技术

为了分析机动车尾气氮氧化物净化催化剂的催化性能 ,建立了一套尾气模拟评价体系 ,分别使用电化学法、化学发光法和比色法 3种氮氧化物分析手段进行检测。结果表明 ,3种方法都能在一定精度范围内测量机动车尾气中的氮氧化物 ,化学发光法测量精度高 ,响应时间短 ,能够及时地反映发动机运转过程中的氮氧化物浓度变化情况 ,是一种较好的分析手段。电化学法随着使用时间推移 ,响应时间变长 ,灵敏度降低 ,需要及时更换传感器。比色法通过化学吸收可以测定氮氧化物的浓度 ,不能实现连续在线分析 ,只能采样测量。在分析中 ,还尝试利用一些辅助设备 ,将尾气中的NO和NO2转化后再通入测量仪器 ,实现测量总氮氧化物或其中某一气体的功能     

EDTA滴定法测定硫酸盐的检出限确定

在美国环保总署方法检出限程序的基础上，设计了一个能考虑样品空白和总硬度的可变性对样品测量值贡献的方法检出限程序，并按照此程序对EDTA滴定法测定硫酸盐的检出限进行了确定。对确定结果进行了信噪比和加标回收率检查，证明确定结果能客观地反映实验室对该方法的测试能力。     

The future monitoring capabilities of four network configurations in eastern Canada

The capability of deposition networks in eastern Canada to resolve regional trends has been examined by Blanchard et al. (1996, Atmospheric Environment 30, 2539–2549). This paper extends the earlier methods to permit evaluation of the need for specific individual sites, comparison of additional network configurations, and consideration of more regions. Parameter estimates for the statistical model are improved by using monthly instead of annual data. For the regions that we examined, eliminating all provincial sites in eastern Canada would cause an increase of 1 to 6 years in the time required for reaching a 90% probabiility of detecting the expected future trends. The elimination of certain key provincial sites may increase the uncertainties in the determination of deposition isopleths of particular interest, such as the 20 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ contours. The statistical techniques presented here are quite general and can be extended to statistical tests or estimators other than those illustrated here.     

Differences in sensory ecology contribute to resource partitioning in the bats Myotis bechsteinii and Myotis nattereri (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

Coexisting animal species frequently differ in resource use in at least one niche dimension and thus avoid competition. While a range of morphological differences that lead to differentiation in animals' mechanical access to food have been identified, the role of sensory differences in within-guild niche differentiation has received less attention. We tested the hypothesis that differences in sensory access to prey contribute to resource partitioning between potentially competing species using two sympatric, similar-sized, congeneric bat species as a model system. Nursery colonies of Natterer's bat (Myotis nattereri) and Bechstein's bat (Myotis bechsteinii) roost in bat boxes in the same orchard and forage in forests and orchards nearby. In observations and behavioural experiments with freshly captured M. bechsteinii, we showed that individuals are able to hunt using prey-generated sound alone. In contrast, M. nattereri rarely uses prey-generated sound, but instead is able to find prey by echolocation very close to vegetation. In accordance with these behavioural data, we showed that M. bechsteinii has significantly larger ears than M. nattereri, providing it with superior detection and localization abilities for relatively low-frequency prey rustling sounds. We hypothesized that these differences in sensory ecology of the two syntopic, congeneric species would contribute to resource partitioning, so that M. bechsteinii would find more noisy prey taxa, possibly hidden in vegetation, by listening for prey sounds, while M. nattereri would have better access to still prey using echolocation or associative learning. Analysis of faecal samples collected on the same nights from bat boxes occupied by each species corroborated this prediction. The diets of the two species differed significantly, reflecting their different prey perception techniques and thereby supporting the hypothesis that differences in sensory ecology contribute to niche differentiation. Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available for this article at and accessible for authorised users. B.M. Siemers and S.M. Swift contributed equally to this work.     

Recommendations for Monitoring of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in the Canadian Environment

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been reported in air, surface waters, suspended sediments, soil, sediment, fish, marine mammals, and bird eggs throughout Canada, from the St. Lawrence Estuary to the Strait of Georgia and the northernmost reaches of the Canadian Arctic. Canadian scientists have detected the presence of PBDEs in breast milk in every Canadian province. In fact, recent data on temporal trends strongly suggests that the concentrations of PBDEs are on the rise in the Canadian environment. These findings are similar to those reported in other nordic countries, and have prompted several countries to implement environmental monitoring programs. Among the key challenges currently facing Canada and other countries concerns how best to measure these chemicals in different matrices. In this paper, several analytical methods cited in the scientific literature for determining PBDE concentrations in different abiotic and biological matrices are reviewed. The critical criteria required for accurate determination of PBDEs in complex environmental matrices are discussed, including instrument sensitivity, reliability, potential interference's and the need for specialized instrumentation for the determination of compounds up to 975 Daltons. While a single analytical method that meets these and other criteria has not yet been perfected by scientists, GC/HRMS-based methods amenable to isotope dilution techniques warrant further refinement, and likely represent the best tools for future environmental monitoring programs.     

基于电容成像检测技术的带防腐层金属结构缺陷检测

目的同时检测防腐层下金属结构表面缺陷和防腐层缺陷。方法应用电容成像检测技术同时检测防腐层下金属结构表面缺陷和防腐层缺陷,理论分析防腐层下金属表面减薄缺陷、防腐层下金属表面坑状缺陷和防腐层缺陷对电场线的扰动变化规律,仿真分析这三种缺陷对电势线的扰动变化规律,提出电容成像检测技术用于检测防腐层下金属结构表面缺陷和防腐层缺陷的可行性,并搭建电容成像检测系统,利用检测系统检测2 mm和4 mm防腐层下金属表面减薄1 mm和2 mm缺陷、金属表面坑状缺陷、2 mm防腐层下金属结构(防腐层含有通孔缺陷)。结果理论分析和仿真分析显示,电容成像检测技术具有检测防腐层下金属结构表面缺陷和防腐层缺陷的可行性。试验结果表明,电容成像系统能检测2 mm和4 mm防腐层下金属表面减薄1 mm和2 mm缺陷、金属表面坑状缺陷、2 mm防腐层下金属结构(防腐层含有通孔缺陷)。除此之外,在防腐层下金属表面缺陷处的检测结果值呈现上升的趋势,在防腐层缺陷处的检测结果呈现下降的趋势,据此规律可以区分防腐层下金属表面缺陷和防腐层缺陷。结论电容成像检测技术能检测防腐层下金属结构表面减薄缺陷和坑状缺陷,还能同时检测防腐层本身存在的缺陷。根据检测在防腐层下金属结构表面缺陷和防腐层缺陷所呈现的不同结果,可用于区分这两类缺陷,有利于为油气储运设施缺陷维修制定合理的方案。     

某油气集输管线腐蚀失效分析

目的掌握管道腐蚀机理,有针对性地提出防腐方案。方法现场进行腐蚀管段截取和介质取样,采用腐蚀失效管段管材分析、腐蚀介质成分分析和腐蚀产物分析的试验方法,室内开展管道腐蚀失效原因检测和分析。结果失效管段内表面存在不均匀的沉积物,且部分位置发生了剥离脱落,存在裂缝。管道管材性能满足20#钢的性能指标要求。输送介质矿化度高,Cl-和SO42-含量高。腐蚀产物主要成分是几种Fe的氧化物和氢氧化物,如Fe(OH)2、Fe2O3和Fe O(OH)等,也含有部分氯化物和硫化物。结论管道在介质中主要腐蚀类型为腐蚀产物引起的闭塞腐蚀,介质内含有H2S,在含水条件下管道发生了O2和H2S腐蚀,最终使管壁减薄失效。     

多遥感设备联用在区域空气质量变化与边界层结构关系研究中的应用

为研究佛山地区空气质量变化与边界层结构的关系,2015年10-12月在佛山地区3个站点同步开展了多台风廓线雷达、激光雷达、微波辐射计联用的大气边界层结构观测实验.结果表明:风廓线雷达探测可获得平均风场垂直分布的连续变化,发现佛山地区风场垂直分层结构明显,空气污染与近地小风层厚度的相关性较强.激光雷达探测可获得颗粒物消光特性垂直分布的连续变化,发现佛山地区颗粒物消光特性与大气边界层结构有密切关系,空气质量指数(AQI)变化与颗粒物激光雷达探测反演的边界层高度相关性较高,相关系数为-0.58.微波辐射计探测可获得平均温度、相对湿度垂直分布的连续变化,逆温和相对湿度变化对边界层日变化及空气污染成因分析有较高的价值.通过多设备联合探测,可同时获得研究地区平均风场垂直分布特征、颗粒物浓度变化特征、逆温和相对湿度的变化特征.多设备联合探测,有利于区域空气质量变化与边界层结构关系机理研究,对区域空气质量变化的预测预报有重要作用.     

Effects of Spatial and Temporal Data Aggregation on the Performance of the Multi‐Radar Multi‐Sensor System

The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the performance of the Multi‐Radar Multi‐Sensor (MRMS) system in capturing precipitation compared to gauge data, and (2) assess the effects of spatial (1–50 km) and temporal (15–120 min) data aggregation scales on the performance of the MRMS system. Point‐to‐grid comparisons were conducted between 215 rain gauges and the MRMS system. The MRMS system at 1 km spatial and 15 min temporal resolutions captured precipitation reasonably well with average R², root mean square error (RMSE), and percent bias (PBIAS) values of 0.65, 0.5 mm, and 11.9 mm; whereas Threat Score, probability of detection, and false alarm ratio were 0.57, 0.92, and 0.40, respectively. Decreasing temporal resolution from 15 min to two hours resulted in an increase in R² and a decrease in RMSE, whereas PBIAS was not affected. Reducing spatial resolution from 1 to 50 km resulted in increases in R² and PBIAS, whereas RMSE was decreased. Increasing spatial aggregation scale from 1 to 50 km resulted in an R² increase of only 0.08. Similarly, improvement in R² was only modest (0.17) compared to an eightfold reduction in temporal resolution (from 15 min to two hours). While aggregating data at coarser temporal resolutions resolved some of the under/overestimation issues of the MRMS system, it was apparent even at coarser spatial and temporal resolutions the MRMS system inherently overestimated smaller precipitation events while underestimated bigger events.     

RS在森林病虫害监测研究中的应用

森林病虫害是影响森林健康的主要因素之一。森林病虫害的快速准确监测、检测及其损害评估无论对森林经营者还是生态学家都具有重要意义。在大的空间尺度上，遥感数据早已被广泛有效地用于检测森林病虫害所引起的失叶现象。目前，在森林病虫害的遥感监测方面所利用的遥感数据主要有Landsat TM,MSS和SPOT HRV等卫星遥感数据和多种航空遥感数据；此外，各种地面辅助地理散据和野外调查数据可以提高对森林病虫害的监测精度。不同类型的森林往往感染不同的森林病虫害，而不同的森林病虫害所引起的森林受损症状不同，有的病虫害导致森林反射光谱的显著变化，有的则导致森林大量失叶。因此，对不同病虫害的遥感监测方法不同。随着技术的进步，传统的图像增强、图像分类和影像差等病虫害监测技术已显粗糙。近年来，更多、更复杂的图像处理方法被广泛用于检测病虫害引起的森林变化，各种数学方法和GIS技术也为病虫害的遥感监测提供了新的活力。虽然森林病虫害的遥感监测面临挑战，但随着计算机软硬件技术和遥感技术的进步，森林病虫害的遥感检测依然具有广阔的发展空间。