基于光声原理的早期火灾探测系统的研究

基于光声原理的火灾探测是一种新型非接触式、直接测量火灾参数的早期火灾探测技术。本文基于光声原理设计了早期火灾探测系统,利用两个光声腔对早期火灾产生的烟颗粒和一氧化碳进行了复合测量．实现了对早期火灾有效地探测;并设计和试制了基于光声原理的早期火灾探测系统和相应报警算法。在实验燃烧室对其进行了测试,并根据实验结果得出了其实现早期火灾探测的关键参数。实验证明,基于光声原理的早期火灾探测系统能通过对烟颗粒和CO复合测量,达到实现火灾早期探测报警的目的。     

Survey regarding the 0.05 blood alcohol concentration limit for driving in the United States

Background: On May 14, 2013, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) proposed that states lower the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) illegal limit from 0.08 to 0.05 g/dL (also referred to as the 0.08 law and the 0.05 limit, respectively). In March 2017, this recommendation was signed into law in the State of Utah.

Objective: The objective of this survey is to investigate perceptions regarding enforcement of the 0.05 g/dL BAC limit.

Method: Opinions of law enforcement officers, prosecutors, and defense attorneys were obtained through a series of questionnaires and focus groups.

Results: Survey data were collected from 32 law enforcement officers, 20 prosecutors, and 4 defense attorneys. The participants rated the usefulness of the NHTSA's driving while intoxicated (DWI) driving cues lower for the 0.05 limit than for the 0.08 law. Some of the participants believed that training would be needed in regard to sobriety testing under the 0.05 limit. Participants also stated that adequately preparing for prosecution of drunk drivers would be more difficult under the 0.05 limit. In addition, it was believed that drunk driving cases are more likely to be withdrawn and fewer plea agreements and guilty pleas are likely under the 0.05 limit. Prosecutors were concerned that the 0.05 limit would result in poorly investigated cases and overburden the court system. Defense attorneys were concerned about the social and economic costs of a 0.05 limit.

Discussion: Overall, it appears that the 0.05 limit is viewed as enforceable and it will save lives; however, the usefulness of the NHTSA DWI Detection Guide and of the standardized field sobriety tests need to be established for lower BACs, and efforts must be made to educate people regarding the relationship between BAC and impairment and impairment and driving with the risk of injury and death.

Conclusion: Though the 0.05 limit offers promise in saving lives, the following issues associated with changing the limit to 0.05 need to be resolved prior to implementation: Validating the sobriety tests for the 0.05 limit; if needed, modifying the sobriety tests to make them effective and valid at the 0.05 limit; and training law enforcement personnel and educating the public regarding the 0.05 limit.     

我国职业卫生检测能力实验室间比对结果分析

为了分析我国职业卫生技术服务机构的实验室检测能力,通过开展的2015年全国职业卫生技术服务机构检测能力实验室间比对活动,选择职业病危害因素检测中常见的三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、丁醇、钾、水中氟5个项目进行比对,根据实验室检测结果,采用四分位数稳健统计技术的Z比分数来判定实验室检测结果的符合性。结果表明:全国30个省市、自治区、直辖市及新疆生产建设兵团共201家职业卫生技术服务机构参加了本次比对,总体满意率为87.0%;民营职业卫生技术服务机构的检测能力与非民营职业卫生服务机构间差距进一步缩小;大部分职业卫生技术服务机构的样品检测结果准确可靠,个别机构的检测结果准确性有待提高。     

石化行业泄漏检测与修复评估指标体系的建立与应用

泄漏检测与修复(LDAR)是国际上通用的减少石化行业VOCs无组织排放的技术方法。在对天津市60套石化化工装置进行LDAR核查评估及专家咨询的基础上,将层次分析法(AHP)与模糊综合评价法(FCE)相结合,建立了一个4层次24个指标的评估指标体系,通过AHP确定指标权重,利用FCE进行模糊综合评分。以甲、乙两石化企业为例进行LDAR评估指标体系的验证,结果表明,该指标体系评估结果与实际LDAR核查评估结果一致,具有良好的实际应用价值。     

液液萃取—GC-MS法同时测定石化废水中双酚A和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯

建立了液液萃取（LLE）—气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）法同时测定石化废水中双酚A（BPA）和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）的新方法,对液液萃取条件进行了优化。最佳的液液萃取条件为：萃取剂为乙酸乙酯,水样调成酸性（pH<2）,每次加入萃取剂0.1 mL/mL、盐析剂NaCl 0.1 g/mL,萃取次数为6次,每次萃取时间为2 min。实验结果表明：在质量浓度1~100 mg/L的范围内,BPA和DEP测定标准曲线的线性关系良好;BPA和DEP的检出限（LOD）分别为5.18 μg/L和0.89 μg/L,定量限（LOQ）分别为17.11 μg/L和2.96 μg/L,回收率为81.4 %~124.9 %,相对标准偏差（RSD）（n=7）小于5.5 %。     

高层建筑逃生缓降器中外技术标准比对与应用研究

为提升应急疏散逃生成功率,完善我国逃生救援装备标准体系,通过对比分析国内外技术标准中逃生缓降器及逃生绳索的强度、负荷性能、下降速度、工作温度指标,以及实验测试应急救援情景下的产品安全性能等,开展逃生缓降器关键性能指标对标研究。结果表明:我国逃生缓降器产品标准在复杂情况应对方面具有一定科学性和先进性,但逃生绳的耐高温及整机超温锁死等可靠性指标有待完善。建议整合相关标准条款统一技术要求,构建产品、建筑及应用情景相结合的部品化发展路径,通过微观层面的产品标准化、中观层面的部品化和宏观层面的有效统筹,支撑我国逃生救援装备产业发展和质量监管。     

基于稳态模型的井下抽采主管道泄漏检测方法研究*

为准确检测煤矿井下瓦斯抽采主管道泄漏位置,提出基于稳态模型的管道泄漏检测与定位方法,采用Comsol数值模拟及地面相似实验研究压力梯度法对煤矿井下抽采管道泄漏检测与定位的可行性及准确性。研究结果表明:管道未泄漏时,管内沿线压力呈均匀分布,当管道突发泄漏时,管内压力分布呈现明显弯折现象,弯折处即为管道漏点位置,并对管道阻力计算公式进行修正,提高了检测准确性;随着管道泄漏程度的加大,湍流效应显著增强,漏点处速度、压力产生明显突变,且当其他条件恒定时,随着管道泄漏孔径的扩大,管道的漏入量越大,定位的相对误差越小;在宏岩矿开展地面相似实验,实验结果绝对误差为4.5 m,相对误差为6%;在阳煤五矿井下8421抽采巷进行现场应用,绝对误差134 m,相对误差约7.95%。     

基于高分遥感的危险化学品重大危险源安全布局动态管控研究*

为遏制危险化学品重特大安全事故,解决传统安全监测手段的空间局限性问题,结合高分遥感与数值模拟技术,开展危险化学品重大危险源区域安全布局动态管控研究。利用数值模拟技术模拟并确定危险化学品重大危险源重点管控范围;基于高分遥感影像提出适用于危险化学品重大危险源安全布局动态管控的变化检测方法,动态监测安全防护范围内的建筑、道路等人工构筑物的变化情况,严控事故影响范围内的人工构筑物密度;以内江市隆桥化工为实例开展示范应用。结果表明:高分遥感技术能够高效监测危险化学品重大危险源安全防护范围内的工程建设情况,有助于危险化学品企业保持足够的外部安全防护距离,降低危险化学品重特大安全事故风险。     

煤尘爆炸性鉴定中瞬间火焰长度检测技术的研究

确定煤尘爆炸性质需要检测其燃烧瞬间的火焰长度,现有的大管状煤尘爆炸性鉴定系统以肉眼观察作为主要检测手段,存在测量精度差、重复性误差大以及人为干扰因素多等问题,提出将数字图像处理技术引入到煤尘爆炸性鉴定系统的方法即通过采用数字图像处理技术,对煤尘火焰图像进行预处理及图像分割与边缘检测后,得到最大火焰长度特征参数,并推导出煤尘爆炸的判断依据。     

Effect of vehicle exhaust on the quantity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil

PAHs are formed during the incomplete combustion of organic substances containing carbon and hydrogen and are one of the first atmospheric pollutants identified as carcinogens. Most of the PAH environmental burden is found in the soil (95%). Soil samples collected from different roadsides were analyzed for seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The quantitative and qualitative analysis was carried out by UV Spectrophotometer. The individual PAH value ranged from 0.1 to 18.0 mg/kg. Phenenthrene and Pyrene were found to be the most abundant compounds. Vehicle emissions are the principal source of PAH in the Roadside soils. The highest concentration was found at site S2 (Hasthtnagri Roadside) which shows the highest traffic density.