气象雷达新技术及其在防灾减灾中的应用

新型气象雷达在国外越来越多地应用于大型外场试验和业务探测网中,我国也将在灾害性天气监测网中引入新型气象雷达。简要介绍了气象雷达的发展历史和国内外发展现状,阐述了气象雷达探测新技术,包括双线偏振雷达、双(多)基地雷达、相控阵天气雷达技术、激光天气雷达技术、风廓线雷达等的探测原理及其在气象中的应用,这对于我国新型雷达的应用和根据实际需求选择雷达类型等具有一定的指导和借鉴意义。     

指示水体病原污染的微生物及其检测

受粪便污染的水体可能含有严重威胁人类和动物健康的致病微生物,由于病原微生物在水环境中往往数量较少、检测比较困难,通常采用检测与病原微生物具有密切关系的指示微生物来指示和估计病原污染.指示微生物包括总大肠菌群及其替代微生物,已被广泛应用于水体污染程度检测等方面.总结了各种指示微生物的特性、应用范围以及检测方法等方面的最新研究进展.初步介绍了指示微生物和水环境之间的关系,着重介绍了判断病原微生物污染来源的指示微生物及其最新检测方法.     

乙腈盐析萃取HPLC-PDA同时测定水中11种苯胺类化合物

通过对色谱分析和样品萃取条件的选择和优化,建立了同时分析水中11种苯胺类化合物的HPLC方法。样品经乙腈盐析萃取后直接进样分析,采用 ODS色谱柱,以乙腈-水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,用PDA检测。结果表明,11种苯胺类化合物在0.20~100mg/L范围内其浓度和检测信号呈良好的线性关系,方法检出限为0.002~0.007mg/L,地表水和废水样品加标回收率为81.6%~97.4%,相对标准偏差为1.5%~5.5%。     

用稳健统计法处理方法标准验证实验中方法检出限数据

方法检出限是分析方法基本性能参数之一。根据《环境监测分析方法标准制修订技术导则》(HJ 168—2010)的要求,此参数需要6家以上实验室基于特定样品测试数据的标准偏差得到。目前,标准文本大多采用各家实验室方法检出限中最大值。研究提出用稳健统计法处理方法验证数据,无需识别和删去离群值,可将离群值的影响降到最小。基于4组公开发表数据和2组实测数据,比较了不同方法计算结果。结果表明:参与统计的3组数据29个检测项目中,常规方法确认的方法检出限被判为离群值占27.6%。取最大值存在数值偏高的风险。提出了用曼德尔k检验法识别1组方法检出限数据中的离群值,该方法同样可以用于实验室数据与标准文本中方法检出限符合性判断。     

A Landscape Approach for Detecting and Evaluating Change in a Semi-Arid Environment

Vegetation change in the American West has been a subject of concern throughout the twentieth century. Although many of the changes have been recorded qualitatively through the use of comparative photography and historical reports, little quantitative information has been available on the regional or watershed scale. It is currently possible to measure change over large areas and determine trends in ecological and hydrological condition using advanced space-based technologies. Specifically, this process is being tested in a community-based watershed in southeast Arizona and northeast Sonora, Mexico using a system of landscape pattern measurements derived from satellite remote sensing, spatial statistics, process modeling, and geographic information systems technology. These technologies provide the basis for developing landscape composition and pattern indicators as sensitive measures of large-scale environmental change and thus may provide an effective and economical method for evaluating watershed condition related to disturbance from human and natural stresses. The project utilizes the database from the North American Landscape Characterization (NALC) project which incorporates triplicate Landsat Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) imagery from the early 1970s, mid 1980s, and the 1990s. Landscape composition and pattern metrics have been generated from digital land cover maps derived from the NALC images and compared across a nearly 20-year period. Results about changes in land cover for the study period indicate that extensive, highly connected grassland and desertscrub areas are the most vulnerable ecosystems to fragmentation and actual loss due to encroachment of xerophytic mesquite woodland. In the study period, grasslands and desertscrub not only decreased in extent but also became more fragmented. That is, the number of grassland and desertscrub patches increased and their average patch sizes decreased. In stark contrast, the mesquite woodland patches increased in size, number, and connectivity. These changes have important impact for the hydrology of the region, since the energy and water balance characteristics for these cover types are significantly different. The process demonstrates a simple procedure to document changes and determine ecosystem vulnerabilities through the use of change detection and indicator development, especially in regard to traditional degradation processes that have occurred throughout the western rangelands involving changes of vegetative cover and acceleration of water and wind erosion.     

利用发光海藻快速检测钻井液毒性

借助一种发光海藻Pyrocystislunula可以快速、准确地对钻井液毒性进行检测和评价，利用此原理设计的便携式毒性测试仪已经问世。文章介绍该方法的检测原理和步骤，并对该领域最新的研究成果及发展趋势进行了概述与讨论。     

基于视频图像的交通枢纽综合体人体检测

针对交通枢纽综合体人体检测的问题,提出一种基于梯度方向直方图(HOG)人体模型特征的检测算法。该方法通过提取人体样本库的HOG特征,用支持向量机算法(SVM)对样本的HOG特征进行分类训练。为了提高算法的精确度和适用性,以南京南站的监控视频为依据建立交通枢纽综合体人体样本库。并以南京南站监控视频和校园拍摄的人员视频作为测试集。结果证明,本算法可以有效识别交通枢纽综合体各种特征人体。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定大气中的苯系物

大口径毛细管气相色谱法测定大气中的苯系物，采用活性炭吸附，二硫化碳解析，30m×0．53mm×0．88μmHP-1型大口径毛细管分离测定，苯的最低检出限为0．18ng。该方法分离效果好，灵敏度高，是测定大气中苯系物的理想方法。     

基于微生物燃料电池的污泥热值检测系统

针对现有的污泥热值分析方法所需仪器复杂、检测步骤繁琐、耗时长等问题,开发了一种基于微生物燃料电池(MFC)的污泥热值检测系统,考察了该系统用于污泥热值检测的可行性.结果表明,以污泥为底物的MFC运行良好,在最佳外阻(300Ω)下可以得到较高的输出功率.MFC可在较短的时间内(2~14h)完成启动,并在最大电流下持续稳定运行56h以上.污泥热值与MFC的产电电流呈现良好的线性相关性,由此确定出估算污泥热值的计算公式,可以准确估算污泥热值.     

垃圾填埋场防渗层渗漏检测方法的比较

对目前国外几种垃圾填埋场防渗层渗漏检测方法(地下水检测法,扩散管法,电容传感法,追踪剂法,电化学感应电缆法,电学法)进行了详细的叙述和比较,并指出电学法是较好的检测方法.