Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air of offices

The pollution status and characteristics of PAEs (phthalate esters) were investigated in indoor air of offices, and PAEs of both gas-phase and particulate-phase were detected in all the samples. The concentration (sum of the gas phase and the particulate phase) was 4748.24 ng/m³, ranging between 3070.09 and 6700.14 ng/m³. Diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the most abundant compounds, together accounting for 70% of the Σ6PAEs. Dividing the particulate-phase PAEs into four size ranges (<2.5, 2.5-5, 5-10, >10 μm), the result indicated that PAEs in PM_2.5 were the most abundant, with the proportion of 72.64%. In addition, the PAE concentration in PM_2.5 correlated significantly with the total particulate-phase PAEs (R² = 0.85). Thus, the amount of PAEs in PM_2.5 can be estimated from the total amount of particulate-phase PAEs using this proportion. In a comparison between the offices and a newly decorated study room, it was found that pollution characteristics were similar between these two places. Thus, it is implied that the PAE concentration decreased by 50% 2 yr after decorating.     

Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a subtropical coastal embayment (Moreton Bay, Australia)

Surface water methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) concentrations and fluxes were investigated in two subtropical coastal embayments (Bramble Bay and Deception Bay, which are part of the greater Moreton Bay, Australia). Measurements were done at 23 stations in seven campaigns covering different seasons during 2010-2012. Water-air fluxes were estimated using the Thin Boundary Layer approach with a combination of wind and currents-based models for the estimation of the gas transfer velocities. The two bays were strong sources of both CH₄ and N₂O with no significant differences in the degree of saturation of both gases between them during all measurement campaigns. Both CH₄ and N₂O concentrations had strong temporal but minimal spatial variability in both bays. During the seven seasons, CH₄ varied between 500% and 4000% saturation while N₂O varied between 128 and 255% in the two bays. Average seasonal CH₄ fluxes for the two bays varied between 0.5 ± 0.2 and 6.0 ± 1.5 mg CH₄/(m²·day) while N₂O varied between 0.4 ± 0.1 and 1.6 ± 0.6 mg N₂O/(m²·day). Weighted emissions (t CO₂-e) were 63%-90% N₂O dominated implying that a reduction in N₂O inputs and/or nitrogen availability in the bays may significantly reduce the bays' greenhouse gas (GHG) budget. Emissions data for tropical and subtropical systems is still scarce. This work found subtropical bays to be significant aquatic sources of both CH₄ and N₂O and puts the estimated fluxes into the global context with measurements done from other climatic regions.     

Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air of offices

The pollution status and characteristics of PAEs(phthalate esters) were investigated in indoor air of offices, and PAEs of both gas-phase and particulate-phase were detected in all the samples. The concentration(sum of the gas phase and the particulate phase) was4748.24 ng/m3, ranging between 3070.09 and 6700.14 ng/m3. Diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the most abundant compounds, together accounting for 70% of the ∑ 6PAEs. Dividing the particulate-phase PAEs into four size ranges( 2.5, 2.5–5, 5–10, 10 μm), the result indicated that PAEs in PM2.5were the most abundant,with the proportion of 72.64%. In addition, the PAE concentration in PM2.5correlated significantly with the total particulate-phase PAEs(R2= 0.85). Thus, the amount of PAEs in PM2.5can be estimated from the total amount of particulate-phase PAEs using this proportion. In a comparison between the offices and a newly decorated study room, it was found that pollution characteristics were similar between these two places. Thus, it is implied that the PAE concentration decreased by 50% 2 yr after decorating.     

东江流域表层土中全氟化合物的空间分布及来源解析

为探究东江流域土壤中全氟化合物(perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)分布特征和潜在来源,2013年8月采集东江流域19份表层土样品,利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用(HPLC-MS/MS)技术分析了16种PFCs的含量。结果表明,东江流域表层土总PFCs(∑PFCs)含量范围在2.15~5.49μg/kg dw。所采集的表层土样品中,东江东莞段土壤∑PFCs含量明显高于惠州段,全氟辛烷磺酸(0.65~1.28μg/kg dw)为最主要的污染物。与国内相关研究数据相比,东江流域土壤PFCs含量水平整体较高,这可能与流域产业结构和经济活动有关。主成分分析结果表明,电镀防雾剂、食品包装和全氟羧酸的生产过程、大气沉降、电化学氟化过程为东江流域土壤中PFCs的主要来源。与土壤有机质含量相关性研究表明,PFCs更容易分配到有机质含量高的土壤中,且随着PFCs分子碳链的增加,这种趋势更加显著。     

某农药厂废弃场地土壤中甲拌磷垂向分布特征

为了解废弃农药厂土壤中甲拌磷的垂向分布特征,在前期表层土壤筛查的基础上,进一步在原甲拌磷生产车间开展了钻孔取样工作,布置了3个钻孔,钻孔深度43.0、41.0和45.0m,根据土壤颜色、岩性、电导率和pH的变化,共采集土壤样品39个,利用高效液相色谱仪对土壤中的甲拌磷进行了定量分析,同时测试了总有机碳、阳离子交换量、土壤粘粒含量、土壤含水率和温度等土壤的理化性质参数。测试结果显示,甲拌磷主要富集在表层土壤中,随着深度的增加,甲拌磷含量逐渐降低。根据相关性分析,土壤中甲拌磷含量和总有机碳含量有着显著的相关性,R分别为0.767、0.893和0.917,这表明土壤总有机碳含量对甲拌磷垂向分布有着非常重要的影响。     

鄱阳湖及周边经济区土壤镉的含量与分布

采用双层网格布点法,在研究区分别采集表层和深层土壤样品9829和2467个,测定了样品的镉含量和pH值。表层土壤镉含量呈对数正态分布,含镉范围0.024~4.619mg/kg,宜用几何平均值0.157mg/kg表征其平均含量。深层土壤镉含量显著低于表层,含量范围0.010~1.982mg/kg,算术平均值和几何平均值分别为0.098mg/kg和0.080mg/kg。研究区7地市表层土壤镉含量几何平均值较30年前上升34.6%~165%。据《土壤环境质量标准GB15618-1995》,以镉为评价指标时,研究区以Ⅰ类土壤为主,分布面积占总面积的78.36%,次为Ⅱ类土壤、分布面积占总面积的15.92%,Ⅲ类和劣Ⅲ类土壤仅占总面积的5.72%,显示土壤环境质量良好,但仍须采取有效措施遏制镉污染的迅猛发展。     

降雨对城市草坪温室气体源汇效应的影响

利用静态箱法研究了夏季降雨对上海市城市草坪温室气体排放的影响,结果表明,晴天上海市城市草坪是N_2O和CO_2的源,CH_4的汇;降雨会削弱N_2O和CO_2排放,使得草坪由CH_4的汇转变为排放源。N_2O通量在晴天和雨后分别为1.37±3.47和1.06±2.67μmol/(m2·h),CO_2通量在晴天和雨后分别为13.33±8.59和6.46±2.61mmol/(m~2·h),CH_4通量在晴天和降雨后分别为-0.08±3.77和0.22±6.27μmol/(m~2·h)。明暗箱对比实验显示,草坪生态系统能有效缓解土壤对大气N_2O和CO_2的贡献。N_2O和CO_2通量与光合有效辐射和温度呈显著负相关(p0.01),CH_4和二者相关性不显著。降雨通过降低光合作用和温度,间接削弱城市草坪CO_2和N_2O的排放。降雨可能通过提高含水率抑制城市草坪对CH_4的吸收,促进其排放。     

乌梁素海Chl-a时空分布及相关水质因子研究

根据2010年1月-2015年11月乌梁素海水质因子监测数据,分析其Chl-a的时空分布及其与主要水质因子的相互关系.结果表明:河套灌区农田退水对乌梁素海Chl-a浓度变化产生较大影响,入口区高于湖心区与出口区.从空间分布上来看,Chl-a浓度分布呈现出入口区>湖心区>出口区的趋势;从时间分布上来看,呈现5月份>7月份>3月份>11月份>9月份>1月份,枯水期>丰水期>平水期.在采样时间段内,Chl-a与NO3-N与NO3-含量比成正比.     

海南省废弃物处理温室气体排放估算研究

废弃物处理所释放的甲烷、二氧化碳和氧化亚氮是温室气体排放估算的组成部分之一.通过对海南省废弃物处理固体废弃物填埋、焚烧、生活污水以及工业废水过程中温室气体排放的估算,得出废弃物处理温室气体排放清单.2010年海南省城市废弃物处理温室气体排放以CO2当量计算总量为65.79万吨,同时进行了不确定性分析,不确定性约为30％,并提出拟采取的降低不确定性措施,为今后不断完善废弃物处理温室气体排放清单编制提供依据.     

固相膜萃取-气相色谱法测定地表水中有机氯农药研究

研究了固相膜萃取对地表水中有机氯农药(OCPs)物质的提取效果,并与液液提取法(LLE)进行比较.建立了固相膜萃取/气相色谱法检测地表水中20种有机氯农药的方法.结果表明:当萃取膜为HLB膜,洗脱液溶剂为丙酮和正己烷,萃取效果最理想,20种OCPs的回收率稳定在74.1%~94.3%之间,固相膜萃取法与传统液液提取法相比,既提高了萃取效率同时又减少了有机萃取溶剂的用量.该法检测实际样品时,同时加入2种内标指示剂对方法的性能进行了验证,2种内标示踪剂的回收率分别为71.6%~94.8%和69.9%~109.5%,样品中20种OCPs均未检出.