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41.
层次分析法(AHP)在安全经济分析中的应用 总被引:4,自引:7,他引:4
白绍鸣 《中国安全科学学报》1997,7(5):57-61
简单介绍层次分析法,提出了安全项目的效益层次结构和成本层次结构,应用层次分析法对罐区监控预警系统做了综合评价。 相似文献
42.
This assessment of the environmental protection regulatory system for the $2.2 billion iron and steel plant, oil refinery, and thermal generating station composing the core of the greenfield Nanticoke industrial complex is based upon: the use of governmental and industrial research in project management; technology and institutional arrangements for environmental protection; evidence of environmental changes to date; analysis of government and industrial approval files; and interviews with government, industry, and interest group representatives. Planning, regulation, and management have been reasonably efficient and effective to the beginning of the operational stage for all three major industries as of spring 1980. Of major future concern, however, is management of the cumulative and synergistic impacts of the industries and associated development on air quality as well as the lands, waters, and sensitive ecosystems of the nearby Lake Erie coast. Continuous monitoring, more comprehensive research, and better overall coordination of government, industrial, and public interests are required if Nanticoke benefits are to be achieved without undue cost to pre-project resource users within and outside the Haldimand-Norfolk region. 相似文献
43.
环境评价有效性国际研究述评 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
提出环境评价有效性是环境评价理论和实践的永恒主题。环境评价有效性国际研究(ISEEA),是1993年启动的一个由多个国家和国际组织联合进行的研究项目,其主题为“评价实践,改进表现”。通过分享管理人员和评价人员的经验,研究者试图对环评近25年的发展状况进行评估,明确其作用和局限,并对如何加强环评管理和实施,迎接可持续发展的挑战提出建议。该文依据文献^[1,2],对ISEEA的过程和主要成果进行了一些 相似文献
44.
从所选的40条公路的竣工环境保护验收报告入手,对公路建成后与环境影响评价阶段噪声敏感点的数量变化、噪声实测值与环评预测值的差异、实际的噪声防治措施与环评确定措施的差异进行了对比分析.结果表明,以上3个方面在公路建成后与环评阶段均存在较大变化,公路噪声环境影响评价的有效性亟待提高.造成这一状况的主要原因包括项目投资机制、运营期相关条件变化等.通过分析,提出了实现全过程的环境影响评价与管理、提高预测的准确性及增强防噪措施的可操作性等促进环评有效性的相关对策建议. 相似文献
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47.
Fish habitat loss has been prevalent over the last century in Canada. To prevent further erosion of the resource base and
ensure sustainable development, Fisheries and Oceans Canada enacted the habitat provisions of the Fisheries Act in 1976. In 1986, this was articulated by a policy that a “harmful alteration, disruption, or destruction to fish habitat”
(HADD) cannot occur unless authorised with legally binding compensatory habitat to offset the HADD. Despite Canada’s progressive
conservation policies, the effectiveness of compensation habitat in replicating ecosystem function has never been tested on
a national scale. The effectiveness of habitat compensation projects in achieving no net loss of habitat productivity (NNL)
was evaluated at 16 sites across Canada. Periphyton biomass, invertebrate density, fish biomass, and riparian vegetation density
were used as indicators of habitat productivity. Approximately 63% of projects resulted in net losses in habitat productivity.
These projects were characterised by mean compensation ratios (area gain:area loss) of 0.7:1. Twenty-five percent of projects
achieved NNL and 12% of projects achieved a net gain in habitat productivity. These projects were characterised by mean ratios
of 1.1:1 and 4.8:1, respectively. We demonstrated that artificially increasing ratios to 2:1 was not sufficient to achieve
NNL for all projects. The ability to replicate ecosystem function is clearly limited. Improvements in both compensation science
and institutional approaches are recommended to achieve Canada’s conservation goal. 相似文献
48.
This paper reports on a nationwide survey of environmental farm plan programmes and plan characteristics, towards determining New Zealand's (NZ's) capability and eligibility for reporting on the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD) environmental whole farm management plan agri-environmental indicator. Considerations regarding the validity of the indicator are discussed. Environmental farm planning in NZ is widespread, fragmented, and diverse. Nine of NZ's 16 regional authorities have environmental farm plan programmes involving 20 different types of environmental farm plans. Potentially half of NZ's total area of farmland is included, but this is reduced by limited and selective use of environmental farm plans as policy instruments. Three authorities are capable of readily reporting the number and coverage of their environmental farm plans; six would need to manually compile the information. Compliance monitoring is mostly informal, but necessary for checking the implementation of plan works and actions. Eligibility of NZ environmental farm plans cannot be determined until the OECD define acceptance standards. A contemporary definition of environmental farm plans is proposed, along with additional criteria necessary to ensure such plans are credible indicators of issue ownership, adoption of best management practice, and landscape changes intended to improve environmental quality. 相似文献
49.
Nonstructural Urban Stormwater Quality Measures: Building a Knowledge Base to Improve Their Use 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article summarizes a research project that investigated the use, performance, cost, and evaluation of nonstructural measures
to improve urban stormwater quality. A survey of urban stormwater managers from Australia, New Zealand, and the United States
revealed a widespread trend of increasing use of nonstructural measures among leading stormwater management agencies, with
at least 76% of 41 types of nonstructural measures being found to be increasing in use. Data gathered from the survey, an
international literature review, and a multicriteria analysis highlighted four nonstructural measures of greatest potential
value: mandatory town planning controls that promote the adoption of low-impact development principles and techniques; development
of strategic urban stormwater management plans for a city, shire, or catchment; stormwater management measures and programs
for construction/building sites; and stormwater management activities related to municipal maintenance operations such as
maintenance of the stormwater drainage network and manual litter collections. Knowledge gained on the use and performance
of nonstructural measures from the survey, literature review, and three trial evaluation projects was used to develop tailored
monitoring and evaluation guidelines for these types of measure. These guidelines incorporate a new evaluation framework based
on seven alternative styles of evaluation that range from simply monitoring whether a nonstructural measure has been fully
implemented to monitoring its impact on waterway health. This research helps to build the stormwater management industry’s
knowledge base concerning nonstructural measures and provides a practical tool to address common impediments associated with
monitoring and evaluating the performance and cost of these measures. 相似文献
50.
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedures have been in existence in the People's Republic of China over the last decade.
The impetus for China's introduction of EIA was provided by the Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China,
which was adopted by the Fifth National People's Congress in 1979. The EIA process, which is administrative and not statutorily
mandated, has been applied primarily to construction projects.
Four stages are typically involved in an EIA investigation: design of the investigation, evaluation of background environmental
quality, prediction of environmental impacts, and an assessment and analysis of the environmental impacts. A variety of approaches
is used for predicting and analyzing environmental impacts, ranging from ad hoc methods to fairly sophisticated mathematical
models. The results of the EIA investigation are compiled in an environmental impact statement, which is used as the basis
for decision making by personnel in environmental protection departments. The EIA process does not include provisions for
citizen notification or involvement.
Views differ concerning the effectiveness of the EIA program in protecting China's natural, social, and cultural environments.
Some hold that the EIA program has brought about improvement in environmental protection, while critics contend that the program
has had little effect in the prevention of pollution. However, most, if not all, observers seem to feel that the program should
be continued and improved. A major avenue for improvement is to place the evaluation of a particular project in a regional
context.
An earlier version of this paper was distributed at a workshop on Environmental Assessment Development Planning held in conjunction
with the VII Annual Meeting of the International Association for Impact Assessment, Brisbane, Australia, July 5–8, 1988. 相似文献