林火在空间上的波动性及其对全球变化的响应(Ⅰ)

研究表明,林火在时间方向具有一定的周期性,表现为一定频率的火周期。该文应用黑龙江省1980～1999年林火数据,分别计算出每年火灾发生的火点的质心经纬度坐标和火场面积质心的经纬度坐标,用波谱分析研究其质心随年份的波动现象。结果表明,1980-1999年的黑龙江省林火的火场质心分别是以东经126.97°,北纬49.63°为轴作东西、南北波动,波动具有明显的同期性,经度方向和纬度方向的周期均为3.3a,其东西南北波动的最大最小值分别为东经128.68°,北纬52.82°,东经123.08°,北纬46.86°。火点的质心分别以东经127.90°,北纬48.69°为轴作东西、南北方向的波动,波动不具有明显的周期性,其东西南北波动的最大最小值分别为东经129.22°,北纬50.37°,东经125.18°,北纬47.28°。     

林火在空间上的波动性及其对全球变化的响应(Ⅱ)

应用黑龙江省1980～1999年林火数据，分别计算出每年火灾发生的火点的质心经纬度坐标和火场面积质心的经纬度坐标，用其质心坐标与同期的年平均气温和年降水量进行回归分析。结果表明：年降水量和年平均气温对火点和火场质心的波动性具有明显的影响，降水对火场与火点质心在纬度方向的波动影响不敏感，气温对其影响敏感。气温和降水对火场和火点质心在经度方向的波动性均表现敏感。气温升高，火场和火点质心均向北、向西移动，反之，则向东、南移动。火场和火点质心随降水量增加会向西和向南移动，反之，则向东、北移动。     

烃类流体火灾伤害破坏作用定量分析

对烃类流体火灾的伤害破坏作用进行正确的定量分析是开展重大消防目标火灾风险评估工作的基础。针对烃类流体火灾伤害破坏作用定量分析中存在的问题,系统论述烃类流体火灾伤害破坏作用的定量分析方法,分析并讨论火球、池火、喷射火和蒸气云火灾等不同火灾形式的热辐射通量计算模型及其前提条件,对不同热辐射伤害破坏作用准则及伤害概率模型的适用条件和模型基础进行了论述。     

Influence of workpiece materials on aerosol emission from die sinking electrical discharge machining process

Simultaneous investigation of environmental emissions and machining aspects of electrical discharge machining process is essential for achieving hygienic and efficient machining. The main objective of the present work is to experimentally investigate and analyze the aerosol emission rate and the material removal rate from a die sinking electrical discharge machining process for three commonly used work piece materials viz., tool steel, mild steel and aluminum using Taguchi methodology of Experimental Design in order to suggest suitable process conditions for green manufacturing. The aerosol emission profile of all workpiece materials was found to be closely related to the material removal profile. A significant variation in emission and material removal rate was observed for workpiece materials which may be accorded to the variation in melting and vaporization temperatures. It was also observed that majority of aerosol constituents evolved from workpiece materials and that the constituents with low melting points were having high relative concentration in the aerosol emitted. The study introduced a parameter, the relative emission rate for comparing the emission for various process parameters and workpiece–tool material combinations. The favorable machining parameters for each material were then identified by employing signal to noise ratio analysis of the relative emission rate.     

兆欧表的禁忌分析与防范措施

通过对电气领域的电气安全问题长期研究以及对测试工作中经验、教训的总结,针对兆欧表在电气领域应用中的十六种不正确、不妥当的使用方法,对其错误及危害性逐项进行分析探讨,并提出了相应的改进办法及防范措施。实践表明,这些改进办法及防范措施在电气技术工作和安全生产管理中具有一定的实用价值。     

Community‐based preparedness programmes and the 2009 Australian bushfires: policy implications derived from applying theory

The Victorian Country Fire Authority in Australia runs the Community Fireguard (CFG) programme to assist individuals and communities in preparing for fire. The objective of this qualitative research was to understand the impact of CFG groups on their members' fire preparedness and response during the 2009 Australian bushfires. Social connectedness emerged as a strong theme, leading to an analysis of data using social capital theory. The main strength of the CFG programme was that it was driven by innovative community members; however, concerns arose regarding the extent to which the programme covered all vulnerable areas, which led the research team to explore the theory of diffusion of innovation. The article concludes by stepping back from the evaluation and using both applied theories to reflect on broad options for community fire preparedness programmes in general. The exercise produced two contrasting options for principles underlying community fire preparedness programmes.     

Fatality and influence factors in high-casualty fires: A correspondence analysis

The technology of correspondence analysis was applied to high-casualty fire data in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between fatality levels and influence factors that involve place, cause, time of day, month, year and province. The variable fatality in a fire has four levels: 3, 4-5, 6-9 and ?10. The results show that hotels, welfare houses and hospitals tend to be strongly associated with fatality level ?10. The fires caused by work-related tasks tend to precipitate a relatively high number of fatalities and are strongly associated with fatality level 6-9. Fires that occur in the daytime (8:00-19:59) are associated with higher fatalities than fires that occur at night (20:00-7:59). The months in the cold season, such as winter or the beginning of spring, tend to be associated with fatality levels 4-5, 6-9 and ?10. CA dynamically portrayed the fatality tendency over the past 8 years, and 2007 tended to be associated with fatality level ?10. Fatality characteristics of provinces are identified, and Beijing, Shandong and Jilin are strongly associated with fatality level ?10. To explore whether associations between influence factors and fatality levels of high-casualty fires in China resemble corresponding associations of HCFs in the United States, data on fires with fatality level ?5 in the two countries were collected. The results of four sets of comparisons indicate that the associations between influences and fatality levels in the two countries present contrasting features. Some practical applications are briefly discussed.     

填埋场衬层渗漏的电学法检测研究进展

综述了几种常用的填埋场渗漏检测方法,指出电学法已成为填埋场不同运行阶段（施工期和运营期）渗漏检测的主流方法。分析了各阶段电学检测方法的适用条件和优缺点,在防渗膜铺设阶段,常利用双电极法或电极-偶极子法进行施工完整性检测;在填埋场运营期间,根据场地实际情况可以选择电极格栅法、基于物联网的监测预警云平台、阵列式偶极子法或高密度电法进行膜渗漏检测及长期监测。     

Metals in the indoor environment

There is a growing recognition that individual exposures to a broad spectrum of metal, inorganic and organic pollutants exceed those from ambient and in some cases from the vicinity of industry environments. The agents often found in indoor environments are mostly known to be hazardous in high concentrations, but the lower limit of their dose response relationships are poorly defined.

The major sources of metals in indoor environments are cigarette smoke (mainstream and side stream), fuel combustion, house dust and consumer products with arsenic, cadmium, lead and nickel being of primary toxicological potential (i.e. carcinogenic, genotoxic and reproductive development). Aspects of levels and duration of human exposure to these elements in relation to existing body burdens and subsequent bioavailability and interactions are generally poorly known from inhalation sources.

Although the magnitude of indoor health hazards to metallic constituents is not now known, mounting evidence suggests that both identification of agents and the measurement of indoor exposures are critical for a more realistic assessment of the effect of this aspect of air pollution on human health.