Treatment of electronic waste to recover metal values using thermal plasma coupled with acid leaching--a response surface modeling approach

The global crisis of the hazardous electronic waste (E-waste) is on the rise due to increasing usage and disposal of electronic devices. A process was developed to treat E-waste in an environmentally benign process. The process consisted of thermal plasma treatment followed by recovery of metal values through mineral acid leaching. In the thermal process, the E-waste was melted to recover the metal values as a metallic mixture. The metallic mixture was subjected to acid leaching in presence of depolarizer. The leached liquor mainly contained copper as the other elements like Al and Fe were mostly in alloy form as per the XRD and phase diagram studies. Response surface model was used to optimize the conditions for leaching. More than 90% leaching efficiency at room temperature was observed for Cu, Ni and Co with HCl as the solvent, whereas Fe and Al showed less than 40% efficiency.     

Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations

Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15 and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits, designating this ash as a hazardous waste.     

基于FastICA算法的大气监测电子鼻设备的研究探讨

电子鼻是一种由具有部分选择性的化学传感器阵列和适当的模式识别系统组成,能识别简单或复杂气味的仪器,它模拟人的嗅觉系统,检测、分析、识别气味成分,广泛应用于现场污染源排放监测、突发事故现场的应急检测、作业场所安全监测和分析、污染气监测和分析。本设计由气体传感器阵列进行实时实地测量,由DSP芯片进行数据处理,采用盲源分离（BSS）原理,利用独立分量分析（ICA）算法分离出混合前的多个独立信号。便携式电子鼻由于其成本低、易携带、通用性好、能现场即时检测等特点在大气监测领域将会有广阔的应用前景。     

污水处理厂还原硫化物和臭气浓度的电子鼻监测技术探究

用电子鼻监测技术探究污水处理厂还原硫化物质量浓度和臭气质量浓度预测方法。结果表明,使用响应面分析法(RSM)建立还原硫化物质量浓度与电子鼻响应值关系,构建还原硫化物质量浓度预测模型,准确率可达95%。使用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立不同质量浓度还原硫化物的传感器响应值与对应臭气质量浓度之间的关系,构建臭气浓度预测模型,并用实际样品验证。     

Nitrate removal to its fate in wetland mesocosm filled with sponge iron: Impact of influent COD/N ratio

• CW-Fe allowed a high-performance of NO₃^‒-N removal at the COD/N ratio of 0. • Higher COD/N resulted in lower chem-denitrification and higher bio-denitrification. • The application of s-Fe⁰ contributed to TIN removal in wetland mesocosm. • s-Fe⁰ changed the main denitrifiers in wetland mesocosm. Sponge iron (s-Fe⁰) is a porous metal with the potential to be an electron donor for denitrification. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using s-Fe⁰ as the substrate of wetland mesocosms. Here, wetland mesocosms with the addition of s-Fe⁰ particles (CW-Fe) and a blank control group (CW-CK) were established. The NO₃^‒-N reduction property and water quality parameters (pH, DO, and ORP) were examined at three COD/N ratios (0, 5, and 10). Results showed that the NO₃^‒-N removal efficiencies were significantly increased by 6.6 to 58.9% in the presence of s-Fe⁰. NH₄⁺-N was mainly produced by chemical denitrification, and approximately 50% of the NO₃^‒-N was reduced to NH₄⁺-N, at the COD/ratio of 0. An increase of the influent COD/N ratio resulted in lower chemical denitrification and higher bio-denitrification. Although chemical denitrification mediated by s-Fe⁰ led to an accumulation of NH₄⁺-N at COD/N ratios of 0 and 5, the TIN removal efficiencies increased by 4.5%‒12.4%. Moreover, the effluent pH, DO, and ORP values showed a significant negative correlation with total Fe and Fe (II) (P<0.01). High-throughput sequencing analysis indicated that Trichococcus (77.2%) was the most abundant microorganism in the CW-Fe mesocosm, while Thauera, Zoogloea, and Herbaspirillum were the primary denitrifying bacteria. The denitrifiers, Simplicispira, Dechloromonas, and Denitratisoma, were the dominant bacteria for CW-CK. This study provides a valuable method and an improved understanding of NO₃^‒-N reduction characteristics of s-Fe⁰ in a wetland mesocosm.     

便携式烟气预处理器技术在比对监测中的应用

对2种便携式烟气预处理器在比对监测中的实际应用进行探讨,通过对2种烟气预处理器工作原理及在实际应用中的监测数据进行分析比较,显示在"高湿低硫"条件下,电子冷凝预处理器析出的冷凝液会造成二氧化硫的损失,在应用中应加快除水,减少烟气与冷凝水接触的时间,并防止冷凝液出现在伴热管线与预处理器烟气入口之间。而便携式Nafion预处理器由于具有独特的干燥性能,抗干扰能力,在"高湿低硫"的比对监测中具有较好的可比性和适用性。     

电子设备的可靠性设计

对电子设备的可靠性设计进行了介绍,其中包括可靠性设计的任务和意义、可靠性设计基本任务、电子设备可靠性设计的基本方法等,其目的在于提高电子设备的可靠性和质量.     

Spatial planning and electric vehicles. A qualitative case study of horizontal and vertical organisational interplay in southern Sweden

The use of electric-powered vehicles (EV) is experiencing a boom in some countries. Much research has been conducted on the technology per se; however, there is a research gap regarding institutional spatial planning practice concerning EVs. Here, an empirical analysis was made of planners’ interpretations of opportunities and obstacles to integration of EVs in southern Sweden. The results revealed a lack of interplay between local and regional administrations and showed that the agenda is run by individual bureaucrats rather than being based on official strategies. Moreover, there appears to be a lack of horizontal interplay within some organisations, while new arenas are being formed by actors within and outside government. The reason for formation of such external EV networks may be a single actor not being able to push the issue forward alone, due to a fragmented organisation, or a lack of clear external task formulation at central government level.