Examining the technology acceptance for dismantling of waste printed circuit boards in light of recycling and environmental concerns

The dismantling of printed circuit board assemblies (PCBAs) and the recovery of their useful materials can lead to serious environmental impacts mainly due to their complicated physical structure and the variety of toxic elements contained in their material composition. So far, less attention has been paid to their responsible recycling compared to that of bare printed circuit boards. Combined with other materials recovery process, proper dismantling of PCBAs is beneficial to conserve scarce resources, reuse the components, and eliminate or safely dispose of hazardous materials. In analyzing the generation, resources potential and hazardous risk of scrap PCBAs, technologies used for the dismantling of waste PCBAs have been widely investigated and reviewed from the aspects of both industrial application and laboratory-scale studies. In addition, the feasibility of PCBA dismantling has been discussed, the determinants of which, including the heating conditions and mechanical properties have been identified. Moreover, this paper evaluates the environmental consequences caused by the dismantling of PCBAs.     

庐山研究的文献分析

通过检索庐山研究的电子文献，分析表明1994年后为庐山研究的高峰阶段。核心刊物发表的庐山研究文献相对较少，所占比例且呈逐渐下降的趋势。庐山研究文献的平均合作度和合著率较低，论文第一作者的分布具有广泛性和不均衡性特征，江西省由于地域上的优势而居发文量首位。科研院所是庐山研究的核心力量，庐山管理局以其优越的区位关系占据发文机构的首位。活跃作者群呈现出地域衰减规律，以江西九江为最高，逐次向省内的南昌以及周边省份扩散衰减。庐山研究文献的主题分布依次为文化景观类、旅游类、生物类、地质地貌类和生态环境类。庐山的研究应着力于建立的科学研究体系、培育和谐的研究群体和注重研究方法的创新。     

Electronic version of the encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety as a source of definitions

PROBLEM: Continuous progress in the occupational safety and health field, as well as social-economic development, generates a need for access to definitions. Definitions are usually scattered in many sources and not easy to find. Electronic documents give new opportunity to information access. METHOD: As an experiment, the feasibility of automatic full-text searching of definitions was examined using the Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, edited by the International Labour Organization (ILO), on CD-ROM. DISCUSSION: The results were compared with the traditional index search by subject, using the paper version of the encyclopedia. The automatic search appeared successful; about 100 definitions were excerpted the automatic way. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: As in most industries, finding accurate information is a necessity in the safety industry. The electronic document seems to be a powerful instrument as a source of definitions and can be quite easy to use by specialists as well as safety personnel in information processing.     

某弹用电子部件贮存寿命评估

目的研究使用定时截尾步进应力加速寿命试验方法评估某弹用电子部件在一定可靠度下的贮存寿命。方法首先将其在应力S_i(i>1)下的作用时间全部转化为在应力S1下的等效作用时间,然后建立威布尔分布加速寿命模型,采用Newton-Raphson方法求解似然方程,得到模型未知参数的极大似然估计结果,最后外推得到正常温度下的贮存寿命。结果在25℃下可靠度为0.9999时,使用定时截尾步进应力加速寿命试验方法评估电子部件的寿命约为11.89年,使用恒定应力加速寿命试验评估寿命为13.32年,两种试验方法的评估结果相差不大。结论步进应力加速寿命试验时间短、样本量少、成本低,相对于恒定应力加速寿命试验方法,具有一定的优越性。     

电子废弃物回收利用探讨

随着电子产业的快速发展与电子产品的普及,电子废弃物随之大量产生,妥善处理电子废弃物已引起社会的广泛关注.章文在对电子废弃物的特征进行分析的基础上,阐述了其处理技术与处理过程中的回收利用及其前景,并就目前存在问题提出了几点建议.     

Better regulation by new governance hybrids? Governance models and the reform of European chemicals policy

The EU is presently in a transition phase from environmental policy-making by law towards other governance approaches based upon networking, voluntary commitments, benchmarking and other forms of “soft law”. Those new governance approaches often claim to lead to “better regulation”, while adopting a more consensus-oriented and participatory style, taking economic aspects more seriously into account, allowing for more flexibility and autonomy for the private sector and Member States alike, mobilising a broader knowledge base or adopting more integrated and holistic approaches than previous sectoralised and compartmentalised policies.While the limitations of traditional regulatory approaches are widely accepted and cited, it is far from evident, that “new modes of governance” have greater capacity to solve problems than the old ones. There is an argument, that “better regulation” might by synonymous to a withdrawal and weakening of the regulatory state and hence effectively of the aspirations and objectives of environmental policies.An interesting case for an approach, combining the strengths of the old and the new approaches is the ongoing reform of chemicals policies. While some observers claim, that the proposed directive, “REACH” might belong to the outdated category of overcomplex and bureaucratic regulation, a closer look shows that there are many new forms of governance in REACH. This mixture or old and new may open a more realistic and promising perspective on the reform of European policy-making.In our paper we assess the effects and the interplay of the combination of different modes of governance using the example of REACH. We are particularly concerned with the question in how far the representation of interests may change when new modes of governance are introduced.     

浅析电子废弃物的破碎与分级

采用机械方法处理电子废弃物，分选前的破碎分级作业是实现高质量分离、富集废弃物中有用物质的保证。从破碎对物料的解离作用入手，分别阐述了不同机械分选作业对入料粒度和形状的要求，这对电子废弃物分选前的破碎分级环节有一定的指导意义。     

关于黄沙研究与进展

该文介绍了黄沙研究的历史,包括自公元前1150年开始我国历史资料中关于黄沙的记载,第四纪地质学和环境科学中与黄沙有关的研究概况,近年来国内外对黄沙研究的新进展,以及采用卫星云图、激光雷达探测仪等遥测新技术。      

电子设备的机械防护设计

机械防护设计是电子设备耐环境设计的重要内容,对提高电子设备的可靠性水平具有现实意义,该文对电子设备的机械防护设计作了一些探讨。     

Information seeking in documents by pilots: Assessment of the reliability problems caused by the transition from paper to electronic

Information seeking is completely ignored in research on aviation psychology and more generally in issues of air transport safety. But information seeking occupies a central place in the pilots’ work. And this activity is undergoing an important development: the transition from paper to electronic documents. A contribution to the assessment of this transition is presented here. The assessment is focused on deterioration of information access, understanding and exploitation, and their possible negative consequences in terms of reliability. The exploitation of the documentation by pilots, and particularly the information seeking activity, are described and linked to their contexts (i.e. the main tasks of flying that require information seeking). Then an users test is presented where some information-seeking tasks are evaluated in terms of cost and errors, by comparing electronic and paper documents. The results show that electronic documents provide new functions that seem useful but also that too many new functions generate difficulties. Then it seems that pilots need some time to learn how to use these new documents. Reducing attention needed to perform a task such as calculation is risky. Some aspects of information seeking by the pilots should be better analysed and evaluated.