全员参与在双重预防机制中的重要性及应用

为了更好地推进双重预防机制建设,确保其实施的有效性,基于全员参与双重预防机制建设的重要性,以中航锂电科技有限公司集成车间为例分析了全员参与的实施效果。结果表明:实施全员参与双重预防机制建设后,非安全员每月发现的危险源和隐患数量平均占总数量的50%以上,最高可达79%;事故数量比上一年降低75%。全员参与对双重预防机制建设的有效性,起着决定性作用。     

Flammability estimation of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide

Ionic liquids (ILs) are known as room temperature molten salts, which are considered green replacement to traditional organic solvents. The fire hazards of traditional organic solvents mainly depend on the combustibility of their vapors, thus ILs are generally regarded as nonflammable owing to their low volatility. However, recent studies show that ILs may combust due to the potential hazards of thermal decomposition, indicating the issue of fire and explosion of ILs are eager to be evaluated during the applications. In this study, the fire and explosion hazards of IL 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C₆mim][NTf₂]) are explored in different aspects. The traditional definition of the flammability for the common organic solvent is not thoroughly applicable to [C₆mim][NTf₂] due to the low volatility. Furthermore, the common definition of reactivity for traditional organic solvents also fails to apply, because the decomposition reaction is indeed an endothermic reaction. However, the auto-ignition of some decomposition products will result in fire and explosion hazards for [C₆mim][NTf₂]. Therefore the application of such data in safety purposes should be very careful.     

Reaction hazards of triethylaluminum under closed conditions

We evaluate the reaction hazards of triethylaluminum (TEA) under closed conditions for safe treatment of aluminum alkyls. The explosive reactions of TEA are difficult to be estimated using thermal analysis because the estimate reactions are too slow under these conditions. The results of our closed vessel tests and chemical equilibrium calculations show that the TEA and water system mixture in closed conditions decomposes into lower-molecular-weight compounds than the products by using well-known hydrolysis of TEA. The present work also demonstrates that large temperature and pressure increases could occur because of the existence of TEA and aluminum hydroxide. Since aluminum hydroxide contains water as alumina hydrates, aluminum hydroxide could have been the source of water at high temperatures and could have contributed to the mixed reaction between TEA and water.     

Societal risk assessment of major hazard installations using QuickRisk

QuickRisk is a quantitative risk assessment tool developed at the Health and Safety Laboratory for use in assessing societal risk around onshore major hazard installations to inform land-use planning decisions. It uses release scenario information, parameterised consequence models, weather data, and population data from the National Population Database (NPD).This paper describes enhancements to the NPD methodology to include workplace populations. It describes the novel numerical, graphical and geographical representations of societal risk produced by QuickRisk. F–N data are analysed in terms of scenario FN curves and Delta PLL vs. N curves, where PLL is potential loss of life. The Delta PLL curves could be useful for comparison of FN curves against FN criterion lines or other FN data on a PLL basis. Geographical representations generated from PLL density maps show: the distribution of PLL dominating release scenarios or the percentage of risk contributed by the PLL-dominant release scenario, the maximum number of fatalities associated with the worst-case event, and the associated release scenario. Geographical representations are also generated of the maximum population that would meet a PLL density criterion, and the relative population change that would match a given PLL density criterion.These novel representations of societal risk could be useful for more effective communication between stakeholders on the risk levels in the vicinity of major hazard installations.     

某垃圾焚烧热电联产项目职业病危害控制效果评价

对某垃圾焚烧热电联产项目职业病危害控制效果进行评价,确定其主要的职业病危害因素。根据项目职业病危害的特点,通过职业卫生现场调查、职业卫生检测、职业健康检查等方法收集数据和资料,并结合职业病防护设施、个人职业病防护水平和定量分级结果,对试运行期间作业人员的职业病危害因素接触水平及职业健康影响进行评价。该项目主要职业病危害因素有硫化氢、氨、氢氧化钠、氯化氢、氟化氢、粉尘、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、NOX、SOX、重金属（如铅、汞、镉等）、二噁英等有毒气体（或有毒粉尘）和噪声、高温等物理因素。项目除输煤系统4#皮带头作业点煤尘浓度和5#皮带头、5#皮带卸煤口、碎煤机（三楼）检测点的噪声强度不符合国家职业卫生标准外,其余均符合国家职业卫生标准。该项目职业病危害控制效果基本符合国家职业卫生标准。建议改进完善部分岗位的职业病防护设施,建立健全职业卫生管理制度,完善现场职业病危害警示标识和警示说明。     

天然气开采危险有害因素辨识及风险评估

作为清洁能源的天然气,对生态环境的改善、经济的发展和人们生活质量的提高具有重要的作用,天然气需求量的增加给天然气开采带来了了巨大压力。天然气开采属于高危、高技术含量的作业,开采的整个过程伴随有诸多风险,极易发生突发性有害事故,且处理棘手。挖掘并分析天然气开采潜在危险有害因素,对于提前做好突发事故预警预防、事故应急处置和救援等都具有重大现实意义。结合近年来天然气开采大量事故资料,从事故发生发展的过程出发,提出了天然气开采危险有害因素辨识的原则、步骤,从设备缺陷、管理操作、外界环境三方面分类汇总了天然气开采危险有害因素,并提出一种适合天然气开采的危险有害因素风险评估方法,从而对危险有害因素分级预防和控制。     

水电工程地下洞室施工作业职业危害及控制

水电工程地下洞室施工建设周期长、施工复杂,不同工种作业人员众多,且都属于地下作业,现场作业环境恶劣,加强作业人员职业健康保护尤显重要。本文通过调查水电工程地下洞室施工过程中的工程建设内容、施工机械设备、作业人员构成,并根据水电工程地下洞室施工各阶段的施工特点,分析了各阶段施工作业过程中可能产生的职业性有害因素的类型和特点。在此基础上,有针对性的提出预防控制措施,以达到防治相关职业性有害因素对作业人员危害的目的。     

Municipal hazard mitigation planning: a comparison of plans in British Columbia and the United States

This paper examines the extent to which 20 municipalities in the Greater Vancouver region of British Columbia have included provisions in their community plans for reducing natural hazard risk and vulnerability. Findings show that the plans are generally lacking in hazard related factual information, goals, and policies, and in mechanisms to promote plan implementation. The plans also do not compare favorably to municipal hazard mitigation plans in the United States. The authors provide recommendations for provincial/state and municipal governments with respect to improving the quality of municipal plans and their capacity to enhance public safety.     

综合危险性指数法在东港区地质灾害易发区划分中的应用

本文考虑了引发地质灾害发生的自然因素和人为因素,选用了影响地质灾害发生的地质条件、地形地貌条件、气候植被条件、人为条件、地质灾害规模、分布密度、活动频次、险情这8个因素作为地质灾害综合危险性指数法的评价因子,对东港区的地质灾害进行易发定量评价,将东港区划分为地质灾害高、中、低和非易发区四个等级。     

Measurement and relationship between critical tube diameter and critical energy for direct blast initiation of gaseous detonations

For the explosion safety assessment in industrial setting, detonation dynamic parameters provide important information on the sensitivity and conditions whereby detonations can be favorably occurred. In this study, new measurement of the critical tube diameter and the critical energy for direct initiation of a detonation is reported for a number of hydrocarbon–oxygen mixtures. The simultaneous experimental measurement carried out in this work allows the investigation of the direct scaling between these two dynamic parameter quantities of gaseous detonations. Using the new set of data, this paper also assesses the validity of an existing semi-empirical initiation model, namely, the surface energy model by Lee, and a simplified work done model. Both phenomenological models provide a general relationship between the two dynamic detonation parameters and comparison shows a good agreement between the theoretical results and the experimental measurement. The scaling of critical tube diameter with detonation cell size in this study also confirms the results in the previous literature.