焦作市采暖期大气降尘重金属的分布特征和健康风险评估

本文在对焦作市采暖期大气降尘样品中重金属含量进行测定的基础上,研究其分布特征并评估其导致的健康风险。结果表明,焦作市采暖期大气降尘重金属Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、As、Cd、Pb、Zn的含量范围为14.18~136.97、3.40~13.98、15.57~63.28、15.05~150.00、19.86~71.49、1.23~22.36、105.52~213.18、487.00~2180.00 mg/kg,重金属元素含量均服从对数正态分布。各重金属非致癌风险暴露剂量的排序为Zn>Pb>Cr>Cu>Ni>As>Co>Cd。3种途径的暴露剂量均为儿童大于成人,且儿童的非致癌危害商大于成年人;儿童和成人的致癌风险Risk排序均为Cr>As>Co>Cd>Ni,致癌风险均低于10-6~10-4,暂无致癌风险。     

基于DEM的山地丘陵区土地利用/覆被研究——以青海湖流域为例

研究地形对土地利用空间分布格局的影响,对探讨不同地貌部位自然因素和人文因素在土地利用变化过程中的作用具有重要意义。论文以青海湖流域为例,对比各土地利用类型的投影面积与地表真实面积的差异,并从地形(高程、坡度、坡向)角度分析了流域内土地利用的空间分布格局。结果表明:流域投影面积与地表真实面积相差754.79 km²。耕地、居民地、水域、沙地主要分布在3 500 m以下,且坡度小于2°的平地上,耕地和居民地多分布在南坡和西南坡上;林地主要分布在3 500~4 000 m且坡度多在6~25°的缓地和斜坡上,各坡向分布较均匀;草地主要分布在4 500 m以下且坡度小于25°的坡地上;沼泽多分布在3 500~4 500 m且坡度小于25°的河源地区,多分布在北坡和东北坡上;其它用地主要分布在4 000~4 500 m的坡度较大的斜坡或陡坡上。随高度、坡度增加,土地利用程度综合指数呈下降趋势;土地利用综合指数在坡向上呈现:平地＞阳坡＞阴坡。说明地形在很大程度上影响着青海湖流域的土地利用分布,且这种影响比较符合当地的自然规律和社会经济规律。     

Suitable gamma energy for gamma-spectrometric determination of U in surface soil samples of a high rainfall area in India

The paper presents a systematic study on suitability of various gamma lines for monitoring of ²³⁸U activity in soil samples around a uranium mineralized zone of Kylleng Pyndengsohiong Mawthabah (Domiasiat), Meghalaya in India. The area lies in a plateau region which recieves the highest average annual rainfall (12,000 mm) in the world. The geochemical behaviour of the uranium and its daughter products at such wet climatic conditions imposes restrictions to assess ²³⁸U through gamma lines of radon decay products. Soil samples were collected from nine locations around the uranium mineralization zone for analysis. The ratio of the concentration of uranium obtained from gamma energies of radium daughter products to the 63.29 keV of ²³⁴Th was found to vary from 1.01 to 2.07, which indicates a pronounced disequilibrium between uranium and radium daughters. The results obtained from various gamma energies were validated from the data generated by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) technique. The ²³⁸U activities from the two analytical methods show a well fitted regression line with correlation coefficient 0.99 which validates the reliability of 63.29 keV energy for estimation of uranium in such conditions.     

Exposure to fall hazards and safety climate in the aircraft maintenance industry

PROBLEM: Falls represent a significant occupational hazard, particularly in industries with dynamic work environments. This paper describes rates of noncompliance with fall hazard prevention requirements, perceived safety climate and worker knowledge and beliefs, and the association between fall exposure and safety climate measures in commercial aircraft maintenance activities. METHODS: Walkthrough observations were conducted on aircraft mechanics at two participating facilities (Sites A and B) to ascertain the degree of noncompliance. Mechanics at each site completed questionnaires concerning fall hazard knowledge, personal safety beliefs, and safety climate. Questionnaire results were summarized into safety climate and belief scores by workgroup and site. Noncompliance rates observed during walkthroughs were compared to the climate-belief scores, and were expected to be inversely associated. RESULTS: Important differences were seen in fall safety performance between the sites. The study provided a characterization of aircraft maintenance fall hazards, and also demonstrated the effectiveness of an objective hazard assessment methodology. Noncompliance varied by height, equipment used, location of work on the aircraft, shift, and by safety system. DISCUSSION: Although the expected relationship between safety climate and noncompliance was seen for site-average climate scores, workgroups with higher safety climate scores had greater observed noncompliance within Site A. Overall, use of engineered safety systems had a significant impact on working safely, while safety beliefs and climate also contributed, though inconsistently. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The results of this study indicate that safety systems are very important in reducing noncompliance with fall protection requirements in aircraft maintenance facilities. Site-level fall safety compliance was found to be related to safety climate, although an unexpected relationship between compliance and safety climate was seen at the workgroup level within site. Finally, observed fall safety compliance was found to differ from self-reported compliance.     

高空防坠落装置的使用现状及改进措施

为使高空防坠落装置技术更成熟、应用更普及,笔者对高空防坠落装置的类型特点、装置存在的问题进行分析,提出改进措施。结果表明:导向型防坠落装置存在使用环境受限,导轨维护困难,无法“高挂低用”等问题;速差式防坠落装置存在易发生“钟摆效应”,收绳速度不可控等问题。提出导向型防坠落装置要采取材料优化、智能化、改变制动方式等改进措施;速差式防坠落装置要采取重新设计防坠落器结构、加入速度控制模块、加入角度模块等改进措施。