进一步发挥公众参与在我国环境影响评价制度中的权威作用的思考

公众参与直接体现着一个国家环境意识的发育程度,同时也体现着一个国家民主进程和政治文明发育的程度。在环境影响评价过程中,公众参与是一个重要的内容。本文从我国法律法规规定的角度介绍了我国环境影响评级制度中公众参与的发展历程,分析了公众参与在我国环境影响评价中的作用,对我国环评中公众参与的现状中存在的问题进行分析并提出了自己的看法：     

2007年1-2月国内环境事件

简要统计了2007年1-2月国内发生的各种环境事件44起,包括沙尘天气7起,污染事件17起,地震11起,山体滑坡和泥石流3起,以及其他自然灾害6起.对污染事件和自然灾害进行了讨论.     

2007年9-10月国内环境事件

简要统计了2007年9-10月国内发生的各种环境事件55起,包括沙尘天气3起,污染事件6起,地震15起,山体滑坡和泥石流11起,旱灾4起,以及其他自然灾害16起.对自然灾害进行了讨论.     

2006年中国城市饮用水源突发污染事件统计及分析

统计分析了我国2006年1月1日至12月31日发生的城市饮用水源突发污染事件,以揭示2005年松花江污染和哈尔滨停水重大事件之后,中国城市水源突发污染事件发生的规律、危害、应急响应状况以及总体情况和变化趋势,检验近1年来中国城市水源突发污染事件应急机制的有效性和科学性.从发生日期、地点、污染物种类、事件简况、应急反应5个方面对75起突发污染事件的统计分析表明:1)2006年突发污染事件总体呈数量增多、危害增大的趋势;2)危险化学品和各类工业污水仍是主要污染物;3)交通事故、工厂泄漏事故和突然排污仍是主要风险源;4)41.3%的事件威胁到了城市供水系统安全运行,造成城市几小时或多天停水,带来严重的社会影响;5)92%的突发污染事件得到了应急响应,但应急时间远大于国家规定的1h,应急预案在快速性和有效性方面还需改进.     

建设项目环境影响评价中公众参与的研究

公众参与是环境影响评价中的一项重要工作,目的在于发现潜在环境问题,提高环境影响评价的科学性和针对性,切实维护公众合法的环境权益.现阶段环境影响评价中的公众参与制度并不成熟,仍待于进一步研究、探讨和完善;本文根据建设项目环境影响评价公众参与相关实践,针对公众参与的范围、时机、形式、内容及存在问题进行了简要的分析,为建设项目环境影响评价公众参与制度研究提供参考.     

Migration as an adaptive strategy to climate variability: a study of the Tonga‐speaking people of Southern Zambia

There is increasing consensus that the effects of extreme weather conditions in the form of drought, flooding and extreme temperature will have increasingly devastating impacts on those who depend on climate‐sensitive resources and ecosystems for their livelihoods. The most affected will be the poor in developing countries who have a low adaptive capacity to climate change due to high poverty levels. Despite these projections, there are, to date, insufficient empirical studies linking the relationship between climate change and migration, particularly in the context of southern Africa. Using field‐based data collected from two study locations in Zambia, this paper examines the complex relationship between extreme weather events and population movement. It is envisaged that the findings presented in this paper will contribute to current discussions on the complex relationship between extreme weather conditions and population movement specifically in the context of sub‐Saharan Africa and other developing countries.     

村镇公共安全评价体系研究——以河北省沧州市南大港一分区为例

将环境承载力评价理论引入到农村公共安全研究中,根据农村公共安全环境承载力指标体系的构建原则,选取一级指标5个,二级指标10个,基于鱼骨图分析法建立村镇公共安全体系。结合统计软件SPSS,采用主成分分析法(PCA),对村镇公共安全体系进行排序,找出影响村镇公共安全水平的重要因子,为改善村庄公共安全风险提供了重要参考价值。结果表明:一分区各村公共安全承载能力差异较大,且基础设施承载因子和土地承载因子是影响村庄公共安全承载能力最重要因子,加大公共安全基础设施的投入、有效利用闲置土地,可以较好地提高村镇公共安全承载能力。     

Landowner Motivations for Civic Engagement in Water Resource Protection

Scholars and water resource professionals recognize citizens must get involved in water resource issues to protect water resources. Yet questions persist on how to motivate community members to get and stay civically involved in nonpoint source pollution issues, given that problems are often ill‐defined. To be successful, interventions intended to engage individuals in collective action must be based on an understanding of the determinants of public‐sphere behavior. The purpose of this study is to explore the psycho‐social factors which influence landowner civic engagement in water resource protection. Data were collected using a self‐administered mail survey of landowners in the Cannon River Watershed and analyzed using structural equation modeling. Study findings suggest landowners are more likely to be civically engaged in water resource issues if they feel a personal obligation to take civic action and perceive they have the ability to protect water resources. Landowners who believe water resource protection is a local responsibility, perceive important others expect them to protect water resources, and believe they have the ability to protect water resources are more likely to feel a sense of obligation to take civic action. A combination of strategies including civic engagement programs addressing barriers to landowner engagement will be most effective for promoting civic engagement in water resource protection.     

Instream Bacteria Influences from Bird Habitation of Bridges

The representativeness of ambient water samples collected from bridge crossings has occasionally been challenged because critics contend birds nesting on bridges elevate fecal indicator bacteria concentrations over samples collected from river reaches not spanned by bridges. This study was designed to evaluate the influence, if any, of bridge‐dwelling bird colonies on instream bacteria concentrations. Three bridges in central Texas were sampled under dry‐weather conditions for instream Escherichia coli. Two bridges were inhabited by migratory cliff swallows and one was devoid of birds. Numerous samples were collected from locations upstream, at the upstream bridgeface, and downstream of each bridge to determine whether significant increases in E. coli occurred in a downstream direction when birds were present. E. coli values increased significantly at bridgeface and downstream locations compared to upstream locations throughout the nesting season. During peak bird activity in May, bacteria geometric mean concentrations at bridgeface and downstream locations jumped from background levels <50 to >190 colony forming units (CFU)/100 mL, well above the state geometric mean criterion of 126 CFU/100 mL for primary contact recreation use. Results confirmed that under dry‐weather conditions bird colonies can have a significant impact on bacteria concentrations in the vicinity of the bridges they inhabit and therefore, to avoid this impact, monitoring should occur upstream of bridges.     

Disaster governance and community resilience: reflections on Typhoon Morakot in Taiwan

Typhoon Morakot triggered flooding and mudslides in various areas and devastated Aboriginal villages located near areas under construction by the Water Diversion Project in Kaohsiung County. This paper examines the controversy surrounding Typhoon Morakot in Taiwan from the perspective of disaster governance. This study provides competing perspectives regarding who was responsible for causing the disaster. Post-disaster reconstruction initiatives by the government tend to adopt a technical approach to risk, and do not incorporate the complex social and cultural dimensions of vulnerability and sustainability. This perspective reflects misrecognition problems, and the lack of empowerment and participation in governance by residents, as well as their exclusion in decision making. Aboriginal civic groups have various methods of interacting with local residents to alleviate the suffering of survivors, promoting tribal culture and building resilient communities. This continuing development of social interactions and new forms of engagement will effectuate transformation and contribute to broader reflections on the Morakot disaster and social capability and building resilience.