多场所实验室环境监测质量管理体系的构建与实践

在事业单位机构改革过程中,部分事业单位的法人资格被重组到上一级机构,而不再具有独立法人资格,其原有的CMA检验检测资质不复存在。撤并以后的环境监测机构各项业务如何融合开展,资质认定如何管理,多个实验室场所质量管理体系如何构建,是当前一些检验检测机构亟待解决的普遍性问题。为此,该研究在优化多场所实验室质量管理体系,制定科学、合理、全面、具备开放性和可拓展的多场所实验室质量管理体系文件方面进行了积极探索。以江西省生态环境监测中心“1+11”多场所实验室质量管理为例,结合江西省环境监测机构改革现状,兼顾资质认定有关法律法规要求,就环境监测多场所实验室提出了一套系统性的质量管理体系构建模式,希望为多场所检验检测机构的质量管理提供借鉴。     

Using Public–Private Interplay to Climate-Proof Urban Planning? Critical Lessons from Developing a new Housing District in Karlstad,Sweden

While strengthening public–private interplay is expected to improve the climate profile of urban planning in terms of mitigation and adaptation, less is known about the practice of such new interactive modes of governing. The paper critically examines the role, benefits and limitations of extended public–private interplay in developing a new housing district in Sweden. The developer dialogue between municipal officials and property developers confirms mutual interests, shared understandings and the added value of interacting. However, the closer the dialogue comes to settling agreements, the more difficult it gets for municipal officials to steer the process and its outcomes in favor of climate proofing. Complications with adapting to the new interactive setting means that municipal officials balance between acting as facilitators and/or regulators and property developers between acting as partners, competitors and/or defenders. Refining steering-strategies for sustaining commitments and securing formal agreements are pertinent for using public–private interplay to climate-proof urban planning.     

公共安全科技及其学科分类的九宫格模型

为促进公共安全科技及其学科的可持续发展,很有必要对其科技和学科进行科学分类。本文从科学学的视角,依据大交叉综合学科由学科科学、专业科学和应用科学上中下游三层次组成的理论,构建一个能够简洁表达公共安全科技及其学科分类的九宫格模型,该模型使庞大的公共安全科技及其学科有了相对明确的层次和类型,可以表征公共安全的主体科技及其学科、相邻科技及其学科和外延科技及其学科之间的关系,也可以推广应用到公共管理、公共卫生、应急等领域的科技及其学科的分类。研究结果表明,该模型具有普适性价值,可为未来公共安全科技及其学科的有序发展提供理论参考。     

Public perception of river fish biodiversity in four European countries

Public support for biodiversity conservation is shaped by people's values and their knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes toward the environment. We conducted the first multinational representative survey of the general public's perceptions of river fish biodiversity in France, Germany, Norway, and Sweden. For the online survey, 1000 respondents per country were randomly selected from large panels following country-specific quotas set on age, gender, and educational level. Questions covered people's level of knowledge, beliefs, values, and attitudes toward river fish, environmental threats, and conservation measures. We found that the public had limited knowledge of freshwater fishes. Two non-native species, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), were widely perceived as native, whereas native Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was mostly classified as native in Scandinavia and largely as non-native in central Europe. These results suggest an extinction of experience paralleling the extirpation or decline of salmon stocks in countries such as Germany and France. Respondents thought pollution was the dominant threat to riverine fish biodiversity. In reality, habitat loss, dams, and the spread of non-native fishes are equally important. Despite limited biological knowledge, respondents from all countries held an overwhelmingly proecological worldview, supported conservation stocking, and appreciated native fishes, although only a minority interacted with them directly. Differences among the 4 countries related to several conservation issues. For example, threats to biodiversity stemming from aquaculture were perceived as more prevalent in Norway compared with the other 3 countries. Promoting fish conservation based on charismatic species and use values of fishes may work well in countries with a strong economic and cultural link to the freshwater environment, such as Norway. In countries where people rather abstractly care for nature, focusing conservation messaging on broader ecosystem traits and non-use values of fishes is likely to win more support.     

The Kyoto protocol: Empirical evidence of a hidden success

How effective was the Kyoto protocol? International Environmental Agreements (IEA) have been on the rise over the past four decades; however, thus far their effectiveness is controversial. In view of the conflicting results found in the related literature, this paper addresses its effectiveness by utilizing for the first time the generalized synthetic control method (GSCM) to compare the emissions of the industrialized countries with a “No- Kyoto” counterfactual scenario that represents the expected emissions in the absence of the protocol. This method facilitates a robust comparison between treated and control countries as done by Almer and Winkler (2017) and account for the multiple treated units as done by Grunewald and Martinez-Zarzoso (2016), so as to capture the collective nature of the protocol. Results show that the protocol was successful in reducing the emissions of the ratifying countries approximately by 7% below the emissions expected under a “No-Kyoto” scenario, confirming the importance of accounting for the collective nature of the agreement.     

突发公共卫生事件下公交暴露风险辨识方法:以深圳应对新型冠状病毒肺炎为例

为定量评估突发公共卫生事件下的公交暴露风险,基于公交线网、交通分析区及新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情信息等多源数据,考虑公交站点、交通分析区及疫情场所3种研究尺度,集成公交网络结构拓扑模型、公交网络中心性模型及核密度分析等空间分析方法,提出公交暴露风险的多尺度辨识方法,并以深圳市为例进行验证。结果表明:公交站点暴露风险在空间上呈现多中心—圈层结构,较高及高暴露风险站点多为交通枢纽、商场等,占比达26.40%;较高及高暴露风险交通分析区主要分布在工业、商业聚集区及居民点密集区,占比达32.84%;较高及高暴露风险疫情场所主要集中在城市核心区域,占比为28.92%。     

Review on the emergency evacuation in chemicals-concentrated areas

For serious accidents such as toxic/flammable release, fire and explosion in chemicals-concentrated areas, one primary issue is to evacuate on-site workers from potential affected zones. In this paper, based on corresponding reports, photos and videos, some accidents involving emergency evacuation are firstly investigated to present important and interesting problems to be considered in practice. These problems are summarized into three kinds of aspects including the poor efficiency of emergency plans, the low accuracy and high time-consuming calculation for evacuation route planning, and the neglection of evacuee's behavior and decision-making. Two main factors influencing the behavior and decision-making of evacuees are concluded as potential risk and impact from hazard sources, and the visibility at different locations. Then, the literature with respect to the emergency evacuation under toxic gas leakage, fire and visibility-limited conditions are reviewed. The key problems are related to ignoring the time-consuming requirement in emergency activities and domino effects of accidents, and the oversimplification of corresponding models. At last, from the famous cellular automata (CA) for emergency evacuation and atmospheric dispersion, a new general research framework for evacuation in chemicals-concentrated areas is proposed. It relies strongly on the quantitative assessment of risk, the establishment of individual visibility field, the use of CA coupled with artificial neural networks, and the optimal route planning. This paper could be useful for realistic problems on emergency evacuation in chemicals-concentrated areas.     

2006年1-2月国内环境事件

简要统计了2006年1-2月国内发生的各种环境事件59起,包括沙尘天气2起,污染事件33起,地震7起,山体滑坡和泥石流3起,以及其他自然灾害14起.最后对环境污染进行了讨论.     

2006年7-8月国内环境事件

简要统计了2006年7-8月国内发生的各种环境事件218起,包括污染事件46起,地震20起,山体滑坡和泥石流41起,虫害12起,旱灾10起,以及其他自然灾害89起.对污染和自然灾害进行了讨论.     

上海市轨道交通明珠线对沿线不同人群噪声影响调查

采用现场监测和公众参与相结合的方法调查和评价了上海市轨道交通明珠线对沿线居民、学校师生和商办楼办公人员的噪声影响。评价结果表明:明珠线列车运行噪声对沿线居民影响较大,对沿线办公楼和学校的影响相对较轻,且居民在采取噪声防护措施方面相对较为困难。居民对噪声损害赔偿的要求比办公人员和学校师生强烈。