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981.
Assessing Biological Integrity Using Freshwater Fish and Decapod Habitat Selection Functions 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Comparison between the number of taxa observed and the number expected in the absence of human impact is an easily understood and ecologically meaningful measure of biological integrity. This approach has been successfully applied to the assessment of the biological quality of flowing water sites using macroinvertebrates with the river invertebrate and classification system (RIVPACS) and its derivatives. In this paper, we develop a method similar to the RIVPACS predictive model approach to assess biological integrity at flowing-water sites using freshwater fish and decapod assemblages. We extend the RIVPACS approach by avoiding the biotic classification step and model each of the individual species separately. These assemblages were sampled at 118 least impacted (reference) sites in the Auckland region, New Zealand. Individual discriminant models based on the presence or absence of the 12 most common fish and decapod species were developed. Using the models, predictions were made using environmental measures at new sites to yield the probability of the capture of each of the 12 species, and these were combined to predict the assemblage expected at sites. The expected assemblage was compared to that observed using an observed over expected ratio (O/E). The models were evaluated using a number of internal tests including jackknifing, data partitioning, and the degree to which O/E values differed between reference sites and a set of sites perceived to be impaired by human impacts. 相似文献
982.
景观生态学在建设项目生态环境影响评价中的应用 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
景观生态学目前是国家环境保护总局《非污染生态影响评价技术导则》引入的概念框架和理论方法。本文通过景观生态学在不同性质建设项目中的运用分析,进行了一定的尝试,更加希望在今后建设项目生态环境影响评价工作中得到修正和完善。 相似文献
983.
River systems as providers of goods and services: a basis for comparing desired and undesired effects of large dam projects 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Brismar A 《Environmental management》2002,29(5):598-609
In developing countries, large dam projects continue to be launched, primarily to secure a time-stable freshwater supply and
to generate hydropower. Meanwhile, calls for environmentally sustainable development put pressure on the dam-building industry
to integrate ecological concerns in project planning and decision-making. Such integration requires environmental impact statements
(EISs) that can communicate the societal implications of the ecological effects in terms that are understandable and useful
to planners and decision-makers.
The purpose of this study is to develop a basic framework for assessing the societal implications of the river ecological
effects expected of a proposed large dam project. The aim is to facilitate a comparison of desired and potential undesired
effects on-site and downstream. The study involves two main tasks: to identify key river goods and services that a river system
may provide, and to analyze how the implementation of a large dam project may alter the on-site capacity and downstream potentials
to derive river goods and services from the river system.
Three river goods and six river services are identified. River goods are defined as extractable partly man-made products and
river services as naturally sustained processes. By four main types of flow manipulations, a large dam project improves the
on-site capacity to derive desired river goods, but simultaneously threatens the provision of desirable river goods and services
downstream. However, by adjusting the site, design, and operational schedule of the proposed dam project, undesirable effects
on river goods and services can be minimized. 相似文献
984.
Public involvement is recognized by legislators, practitioners, academics, nongovernment organizations and, most importantly,
affected communities, as a fundamental component of environmental assessment (EA) processes. Experience with public involvement
in EA has proven, however, that despite good intentions, there are formidable barriers to participation. This paper examines
this issue, largely through a case study of a new Can$120 million hog processing facility in Brandon, Canada. Primary data
were collected in three phases, using multiple methodological techniques, including document review, qualitative interviews,
and a mail questionnaire. Results included a diverse list of barriers to involvement, grouped into two primary categories:
structural and individual. A significant structural barrier was a belief that becoming involved would not make a difference
as the ultimate decision in the case was a foregone conclusion. An important individual barrier was that people did not know
about the EA. Finally, the results indicated that lack of interest was not an important reason for nonparticipation. 相似文献
985.
986.
Veiga LH Koifman S Melo VP Sachet I Amaral EC 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2003,70(3):161-176
This paper aims to present an assessment of the environmental radiological exposure at a Brazilian area of high natural radiation and discusses the indoor radon exposure risk. A survey of inhabitant exposures arising from the inhalation of radon progeny and external gamma exposure was conducted in urban and rural areas of the Po?os de Caldas Plateau, which is recognized worldwide as a high natural radiation region. The results of this survey indicated that highest radiation exposure was restricted to the rural area of Po?os de Caldas. The radiation exposure in urban locations was quite similar to the values observed in normal background areas in some Brazilian counties. By the application of a constant relative risk model, an additional 20% in the lifetime risk of lung cancer mortality due to the exposure to radon progeny was estimated at Po?os de Caldas. It was also estimated that 16% of all lung cancer deaths at Po?os de Caldas county could be attributable to radon exposure. 相似文献
987.
Methods for life cycle assessment of products (LCA) are most often based on the general prevention principle, as opposed to the risk minimization principle. Here, the desirability and feasibility of a combined approach are discussed, along with the conditions for elaboration in the framework of LCA methodology, and the consequences for LCA practice. A combined approach provides a separate assessment of above and below threshold pollution, offering the possibility to combat above threshold impacts with priority. Spatial differentiation in fate, exposure, and effect modelling is identified to play a central role in the implementation. The collection of region-specific data turns out to be the most elaborate requirement for the implementation in both methodology and practice. A methodological framework for the construction of characterization factors is provided. Along with spatial differentiation of existing parameters, two newly introduced spatial parameters play a key role: the sensitivity factor and the threshold factor. The practicability of the proposed procedure is illustrated by an example of its application. Providing a reasonable data availability, the development of separate LCA characterization factors for the respective assessment of pollution levels above and below environmental threshold values seems to be a feasible task that may add to LCA credibility. 相似文献
988.
Inhaber H 《Environmental management》2001,28(4):505-517
The Nevada Test Site (NTS), north of Las Vegas, was the scene of hundreds of nuclear weapons tests over four decades, both
above- and belowground. There is considerable interest, both in neighboring communities and elsewhere, in the risks it poses.
Overall, the greatest risks are nonradioactive in origin, with occupational risks to employees and accident risks in transporting
low-level nuclear wastes to the NTS from other Department of Energy (DOE) sites ranking highest. For radiation risks, that
to workers handling radioactive materials is much higher than that to the surrounding population, either present or future.
Overall, annual risks are small, with all fatalities approximately 0.008% of total Nevada deaths. At the NTS, the government
spends about 5000 times more on radiation as opposed to nonradiation deaths. This suggests that at least some resources may
be misallocated towards cleanup of public risks and that the occupational risk of cleanup may be much higher than the public
risk. Thus risk may be multiplied by well-meaning programs. 相似文献
989.
For the last 20 years, human–wildlife conflicts have been rapidly increasing in towns. Although people want “greener” cities,
the expansion of disliked species causes problems that are difficult to manage and to reduce. The complexity of the numerous
factors involved in these human–wildlife relations needs the development of a comprehensive tool for urban planners. Today,
with the development of computers and geographical information systems, it is easier to analyze and combine different spatial
data as methods used for the management of risks in studies of natural hazards. Here we present a method for assessing and
mapping the risk in cases of human–wildlife conflict. An application to starling management in a town in western France will
show the efficiency of our methods to combine information given by a network of experts and to highlight higher risk sites.
The map of risk provides a spatial result useful for comprehension, communication between people and agencies, and public
education. 相似文献
990.
Stream Invertebrate Communities, Water Quality, and Land-Use Patterns in an Agricultural Drainage Basin of Northeastern Nebraska, USA 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We used invertebrate bioassessment, habitat analysis, geographic information system analysis of land use, and water chemistry
monitoring to evaluate tributaries of a degraded northeast Nebraska, USA, reservoir. Bimonthly invertebrate collections and
monthly water chemistry samples were collected for two years on six stream reaches to identify sources contributing to reservoir
degradation and test suitability of standard rapid bioassessment methods in this region. A composite biotic index composed
of seven commonly used metrics was effective for distinguishing between differentially impacted sites and responded to a variety
of disturbances. Individual metrics varied greatly in precision and ability to discriminate between relatively impacted and
unimpacted stream reaches. A modified Hilsenhoff index showed the highest precision (reference site CV = 0.08) but was least
effective at discriminating among sites. Percent dominance and the EPT (number of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera
taxa) metrics were most effective at discriminating between sites and exhibited intermediate precision. A trend of higher
biotic integrity during summer was evident, indicating seasonal corrections should differ from other regions. Poor correlations
were evident between water chemistry variables and bioassessment results. However, land-use factors, particularly within 18-m
riparian zones, were correlated with bioassessment scores. For example, there was a strong negative correlation between percentage
of rangeland in 18-m riparian zones and percentage of dominance in streams (r
2
= 0.90, P < 0.01). Results demonstrate that standard rapid bioassessment methods, with some modifications, are effective for use in this agricultural
region of the Great Plains and that riparian land use may be the best predictor of stream biotic integrity. 相似文献