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121.
JOSÉ A. DÍAZ§ JAVIER PÉREZ-TRIS† JOSÉ L. TELLERÍA ROBERTO CARBONELL‡ TOMÁS SANTOS 《Conservation biology》2005,19(5):1578-1585
Abstract: We studied the effect of habitat fragmentation on female reproductive investment in a widespread lacertid lizard ( Psammodromus algirus ) in a mixed-forest archipelago of deciduous and evergreen oak woods in northern Spain. We captured gravid females in fragments (≤10 ha) and forests (≥ 200 ha) and brought them to the laboratory, where they laid their eggs. We incubated the eggs and released the first cohort of juveniles into the wild to monitor their survival. Females from fragments produced a smaller clutch mass and laid fewer eggs (relative to mean egg mass) than females of similar body size from forests. Lizards did not trade larger clutches for larger offspring, however, because females from fragments did not lay larger eggs (relative to their number) than females from forests. Among the first cohort of juveniles, larger egg mass and body size increased the probability of recapture the next year. Thus, fragmentation decreased the relative fecundity of lizards without increasing the quality of their offspring. Reduced energy availability, increased predation risk, and demographic stochasticity could decrease the fitness of lizards in fragmented habitats, which could contribute to the regional scarcity of this species in agricultural areas sprinkled with small patches of otherwise suitable forest. Our results show that predictable reduction of reproductive output with decreasing size of habitat patches can be added to the already known processes that cause inverse density dependence at low population numbers. 相似文献
122.
Katja?BargumEmail author Jacobus?J.?Boomsma Liselotte?Sundstr?m 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2004,57(1):9-16
The genetic basis of morphological traits in social insects remains largely unexplored. This is even true for individual body size, a key life-history trait. In the social insects, the size of reproductive individuals affects dispersal decisions, so that small size in queens is often associated with reduced dispersal, and large size with long-range dispersal and independent colony founding. Worker size is connected to division of labour when workers specialize in certain tasks according to their size. In many species, variation in worker size has been shown to increase colony performance. In this study, we present the first evidence of an additive genetic component to queen size in ants, using maternal half sib analysis. We also compared intra-colony size variation in colonies with high (queen doubly mated) versus low (queen singly mated) genetic variability. We found a high and significant heritability (h2=0.51) for queen size in one of the two study years, but not in the other. Size variation among queens was greater in colonies headed by a doubly mated queen in one of the study years, but not in the other. This indicates that genetic factors can influence queen size, but that environmental factors may override these under some circumstances. The heritability for worker size was low (h2=0.09) and non-significant. Increased genetic diversity did not increase worker size variation in the colonies. Worker size appeared largely environmentally determined, potentially allowing colonies to adjust worker size ratios to current conditions.Communicated by J. Heinze 相似文献
123.
Szabolcs Lengyel 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(4):589-598
When reproductive success is constant in one breeding phase, different tactics that increase variation in reproductive success
among individuals may evolve in other phases. For instance, in shorebirds, which usually have a limited clutch size of four
eggs, variation in reproductive tactics among individuals is expected either before egg-laying (e.g. diverse mating systems)
or after hatching of the young (e.g. diverse parental care). In this paper, I studied the pied avocet (Recurvirostra avosetta), a shorebird with a modal clutch size of four eggs, to test whether post-hatch chick adoption as an alternative tactic can
be linked to increased variation in annual reproductive success. When predation was high, naturally adopting pairs produced
more filial fledglings than did pairs not adopting chicks and not losing chicks to adoption. The number of filial fledglings
increased with the number of adopted young, possibly through diluting the chances of predation on filial young. Experimental
chick addition did not lead to more fledged young due to low brood integrity as shown by the frequent loss of chicks from
some experimental broods. When predation was low, larger broods occupied feeding territories with higher prey abundance than
smaller broods, possibly due to their dominance over smaller ones. Pairs that lost chicks to adoption (donors) fledged as
many filial young in their broods as did non-adopters/non-donors, whereas the total number of donors’ filial fledglings, including
those raised in adopting broods, approached that of adopters. These findings show, for the first time, that post-hatch alternative
reproductive tactics can lead to variation in annual reproductive success and to higher success for some pairs even in species
where past adaptations limit variation in reproductive success in a certain phase of reproduction. 相似文献
124.
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126.
为了探究3种不同粒径的污泥生物质炭(S1:大粒径 0.165 mm;S2:中粒径为0.025~0.165 mm;S3:小粒径0.025 mm)对Zn的吸附效率和固化稳定的机理,以此为污泥生物质炭在水污染控制方面的应用提供科学依据.利用实验室模拟法,研究不同反应时间、溶液初始pH和重金属浓度对生物炭吸附效果的影响,并运用四步萃取法分析生物炭上Zn的吸附形态.结果表明:①生物炭在4 h左右达到吸附平衡,吸附率呈先增加后平缓的趋势,最终吸附量S1S2S3;②溶液初始浓度为0~2 mmol·L~(-1)时Zn~(2+)的吸附量呈线性增长趋势,但随溶液浓度超过2 mmol·L~(-1)时吸附量开始趋于饱和;③3种不同粒径生物炭的水溶性组分Zn分别占总萃取量的1.70%、5.02%和7.47%,可交换态组分分别占25.27%、32.35%和27.29%,酸溶性组分分别占35.06%、38.63%和27.90%,非生物利用组分分别占37.97%、24.00%和37.34%.④污泥生物质炭的动力学吸附特征更符合准二级动力学吸附模型,单位质量的污泥生物质炭粒径越小吸附量越大;⑤污泥生物质炭的等温吸附特征更符合Langmuir模型,小粒径的生物质炭最大吸附量最优;⑥在酸性条件下随着pH的上升污泥生物质炭的吸附率在逐渐增加,碱性条件下吸附率的增加可能是形成锌的络合物沉淀导致的;⑦Zn的吸附形态以酸溶性和非生物利用态为主,水溶性占比较小.污泥生物质炭对Zn的吸附以化学吸附为主,S1吸附的Zn酸溶性组分和非生物利用组分占比最大,吸附效果较为稳定. 相似文献
127.
不同粒度飞灰中16种微量元素的含量分布 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
研究了不同粒级的燃煤飞灰中的Ba、Be、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Li、Mn、Ni、Pb、Sr、Ti、V、Zn、Zr元素的含量分布,煤中元素的含量比及富集因子。 相似文献
128.
研究沙尘随高度的变化特征对揭示沙尘物质在近地层分布特征具有重要意义。为揭示0—80 m沙尘通量的垂直分布规律,在野外实测的基础上,选取2008年7月20日、8月7日、8月19日、8月29日4次沙尘天气,对贴地层(0—0.05 m)、中间层(0.05—2 m)、近地层(2—80 m)的沙尘通量进行对比分析。结果表明:贴地层(0—0.05 m),沙尘通量随着高度的增高呈增加趋势,最大值为1604.29 g?mm?2。中间层(0.05—2 m),沙尘通量随高度分布的关系为幂函数关系,且随着高度的升高沙尘通量减小,决定系数R2值均在0.9以上。近地层(2—80 m),沙尘通量随高度增加呈分段函数分布,32 m、48 m处为沙尘通量的拐点高度。由此看出,研究沙尘通量对阐明沙尘输送机制非常重要,不仅可加强对沙尘输送的定量研究,还可为沙尘输送的数值模拟提供重要参数。 相似文献
129.
为研究雨水管道沉积物的沉淀特性和污染物含量特征,在武汉市对建筑(包括住宅小区)、道路和绿地3种用地类型的雨水管道沉积物进行采样和分析.沉速测试结果表明,高沉速颗粒在沉积物中所占比例较大,建筑和道路中沉积物的沉速分布相对稳定,建筑、道路和绿地中沉速大于3.00 cm·s-1的颗粒占比依次递减.粒径分析结果显示,沉积物粒径分布范围较广,大多集中在13~628μm范围内,且同种用地类型沉积物粒径分布差别很大.按沉降速度将每份沉积物样品分为7组,分析化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量与沉降速度之间的联系.结果表明,沉速大于3.00 cm·s-1和小于0.025cm·s-1的沉积物中污染物含量较低,但高沉速沉积物中污染物总量较多.对沉积物样品整体而言,各用地类型COD含量从高到低依次为:绿地道路建筑;道路雨水管道沉积物中氮含量较低,其余两种用地中含量接近;建筑区雨水管道沉积物中磷含量较高,其余两种用地中含量接近;COD∶TN在(51~89)∶1之间,COD∶TP的值在(102~186)∶1之间. 相似文献
130.
基于紫外光谱分析的腐殖质混凝控制 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
腐殖质是水溶性天然有机物(DOM)的主要成分,对水处理过程有重要影响.为探究利用紫外光谱分析实现饮用水处理在线混凝控制的可行性和理论基础,以含腐殖酸和高岭土配水为实验对象,通过烧杯实验考察了不同水质条件对PACl混凝剂最佳投加量的影响,研究了SUVA_(254)和光谱特征斜率与混凝效果的相关性,利用排阻色谱分析了紫外光谱斜率与水体有机物组分之间的关系.结果表明,混凝剂最佳投加量与DOM浓度呈正比关系,两者计量学关系(以Al/DOC计)为0.61mg·mg~(-1).随混凝剂投加量的增加,腐殖酸溶液的SUVA_(254)从8.9 L·(mg·m)~(-1)下降并稳定至2.0 L·(mg·m)~(-1),有机物去除率与SUVA_(254)值呈正相关.光谱斜率与SUVA_(254)的变化趋势一致,且S_(275~295)与SUVA_(254)线性相关最优(R2=0.81).排阻色谱结果表明,混凝优先去除DOM中的腐殖质组分,S275~295与有机物中腐殖质组分对总UVA_(254)的占比存在明显的线性相关,光谱斜率测定对实现饮用水混凝过程的控制有重要意义. 相似文献