天津市道路环境大气颗粒物水溶性无机离子分析

大气颗粒物,尤其是其中的水溶性无机离子,对人体危害很大.天津市大气污染中机动车尾气污染相对较高,为探究不同道路类型下水溶性无机离子的污染特征,于2015年4~5月对天津市四类道路类型分别进行大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)采样及水溶性离子组分分析,并运用皮尔森相关性分析、水溶性离子比值关系分析及主成分分析方法进行探讨.结果表明,天津市水溶性无机离子主要集中在细颗粒物中,不同离子在不同道路下所占质量分数差异很大,二次污染相对较重;二次离子是水溶性无机离子的重要组成部分,在细颗粒物中含量相对较高,在PM_(2.5)中的含量是PM_(10)中的1~2倍左右;K~+、Mg~(2+)、Na~+与Ca~(2+)之间有较高的同源性;各道路PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)第一贡献因子均是燃烧和二次污染的混合源,第二贡献因子主要为扬尘与交通混合源.     

富营养化城市景观水体表观污染下的悬浮颗粒物粒度分布特征

悬浮颗粒物粒度分布特征反映城市景观水体表观污染状况,为研究富营养化城市景观水体表观污染与悬浮颗粒物粒度分布的内在联系及其影响因素,在苏州市市内的典型富营养化河道:枫津河,选取5个代表性取样点,测定水中悬浮颗粒物粒度分布、表观污染指数(SPI)及水质指标,并分析其相关性.结果表明,富营养型水体中悬浮颗粒物具有相似的粒度分布特征,粒度分布存在多峰,且出峰位置大致相同,悬浮颗粒物的粒度分布由多个组分叠加构成.悬浮颗粒物粒度分布最多可分为6个组分,各组分粒径范围分别为1.5μm、1.5~8μm、8~35μm、35~186μm、186~516μm、516μm.组分Ⅲ是优势组分(体积分数均值38.3%~43.2%).组分Ⅲ体积分数与SPI值、Chl-a浓度呈显著正相关,组分Ⅲ体积分数的增大是该类水体表观污染程度加深的粒度结果表征,该组分体积分数的增大主要来自于藻含量增加;组分Ⅳ+组分Ⅴ+组分Ⅵ体积分数在有外源时明显高于无外源时,无外源时组分Ⅳ+组分Ⅴ+组分Ⅵ体积分数与SPI值显著负相关,有外源时组分Ⅳ+组分Ⅴ+组分Ⅵ体积分数与SPI值存在较弱的正相关但未达到显著水平.环境因子(F_v/F_m和DO)和外源因子作用水体主要表观污染物质藻类的含量,进而影响悬浮颗粒物各组分的体积分数和水体表观质量;水动力条件作用悬浮颗粒物粒径,较大水动力使中值粒径增大,对水体表观质量未产生显著影响.     

秋冬季节华北背景地区PM1污染特征及来源

利用高分辨率飞行时间气溶胶质谱仪(HR-ToF-AMS)在华北背景地区——上甸子区域大气本底站开展亚微米气溶胶(NR-PM_1)化学组分及粒径分布的连续观测实验,观测时段为2015年10月17日至2016年1月27日,涵盖了秋、冬两季.结果表明,整个观测期间NR-PM_1平均质量浓度为25.2μg·m~(-3),PM_1中有机物占绝对优势,硝酸盐占的比例高于硫酸盐.各化学组分平均粒径分布以积聚模态为主,其中,有机物峰形最宽,峰值粒径最小,硝酸盐峰值粒径最大,表明有机物在颗粒物形成、增长初期及老化阶段均有贡献,硝酸盐在气溶胶粒子老化过程中更易于增长为大粒子.有机物种元素特性分析结果显示,秋、冬季有机气溶胶平均氧碳比(O/C)和氢碳比(H/C)为0.58和1.58,OM/OC达1.91,有机气溶胶的氧化程度高于城市站点平均水平.在华北地区污染环境下,有机气溶胶演变途径Van Krevelen拟合曲线斜率为-0.21,其老化潜质和速率较珠三角地区和欧美地区城市要慢.对比污染时段和清洁时段化学组成特征发现,在污染时段,硝酸盐质量浓度及其对PM_1的贡献率超过硫酸盐,有机物氧化程度明显高于清洁时段.后径向轨迹气团分析结果显示,污染时段气团来向较为复杂,来自西部,南部以及东北部气团均有贡献,清洁时段,主要受来自西伯利亚洁净空气的影响,对站点污染物扩散作用明显.     

唐山大气颗粒物中水溶性无机盐的观测研究

为认知唐山大气颗粒物中典型二次污染化学成分水溶性无机盐的浓度水平、季节变化和粒径分布特征,于2010年9月～2011年8月使用惯性撞击式分级采样器对唐山大气颗粒物进行了分级采样,并用离子色谱分析了其中水溶性无机盐含量.结果表明,PM9(可视为可吸入颗粒物)和PM2.1(细粒子)中以3种水溶性无机盐SO24-、NO3-和NH4+为主,三者之和分别占PM9和PM2.1中水溶性无机盐总浓度的68%和77%;PM9和PM2.1中3种盐的浓度和在春、夏、秋、冬这4个季节分别为35.0、84.7、67.3、61.6μg.m-3和23.2、64.8、52.7、49.6μg.m-3,颗粒物中3种盐在细粒子中的赋存比例年均值分别为70%、75%和94%,夏季赋存于粗粒子中的比例显著高于其它季节.Ca2+和Mg2+全年均呈粗模态单峰分布.唐山大气颗粒物污染严重,控制燃煤、机动车尾气和生物质燃烧直排颗粒物的同时,要重点加强对气态污染物排放的控制,同时要控制地面扬尘和建筑灰尘.全面控制人为污染排放源,同时加强绿化和地面硬化、封闭式管理建筑工地,才有可能抑制住唐山市目前严重的大气污染.     

冬季临安大气本底站气溶胶来源解析及其粒径分布特征

利用宽范围粒径谱仪(WPS)、EMS系统、KC-120H中流量采样器、850professional IC型离子色谱分析仪和热/光碳分析仪(DRI2001A)分别观测了临安大气本底站2015年1月9~31日10 nm~10μm气溶胶数浓度粒径分布、常规污染气体浓度、PM_(2.5)浓度及水溶性离子和OC、EC的浓度,利用PMF模式对PM_(2.5)进行来源解析,并分析了不同污染源下气溶胶粒子的谱分布及日变化特征.结果表明,临安大气本底站大气气溶胶数浓度平均为5 062 cm~(-3)·nm~(-1),主要集中在10~400 nm.PM_(2.5)的平均浓度和NO_2、SO_2、CO的平均体积分数分别为123.6μg·m~(-3)、22.6×10~(-9)、34.0×10~(-9)和2.2×10~(-6).水溶性离子以NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+为主,平均浓度分别为19.2、15.4和10.8μg·m~(-3),分别占总水溶性离子的37.9%、30.4%、21.4%.OC和EC的平均浓度分别为24.4μg·m~(-3)和6.6μg·m~(-3).冬季临安大气本底站PM_(2.5)主要来自二次相关源、燃煤排放、机动车排放、扬尘和生物质燃烧,贡献率分别为42.3%、21.4%、17.1%、8.7%和10.6%.不同来源气溶胶数浓度谱分布差异较大,二次相关、机动车排放、扬尘和生物质燃烧气溶胶数浓度谱均为单峰型分布,峰值分别位于120、50、100和90nm.燃煤颗粒物数浓度谱分布为双峰型分布,峰值分别位于25 nm和100 nm,浓度为19 842 cm~(-3)·nm~(-1)和18 372 cm~(-3)·nm~(-1).二次相关源、燃煤源、机动车排放、扬尘和生物质燃烧表面积浓度谱均为三峰型分布,最大峰值分别位于650、210、160、180和575 nm.不同排放源气溶胶颗粒物数浓度和表面积浓度日变化特征基本一致,多呈双峰型分布,主要受边界层日变化和人类活动影响.     

泰山顶(1534 m)夏季气溶胶粒径分布特征

使用宽范围粒径谱仪对泰山顶2017年6月1～25日10 nm～10μm气溶胶数浓度粒径分布进行观测,结合PM(PM_(2. 5)和PM10)以及气象要素数据,分析了泰山顶气溶胶粒径分布特征及其主要影响因素.结果表明,观测期间泰山PM_(2. 5)和PM10的平均浓度分别为20. 7μg·m~(-3)和82. 4μg·m~(-3),PM_(2. 5)/PM10仅为25. 1%.数浓度、表面积浓度和体积分数平均为8 672. 8cm~(-3)、408. 3μm2·cm~(-3)和24. 2μm3·cm~(-3).数浓度谱分布为单峰型分布,表面积浓度和体积分数谱分布均为三峰型分布.数浓度和表面积浓度的主导粒径分别为10～20 nm和100～500 nm,体积分数的主导粒径为100～500 nm和2. 5～10μm.风向对PM和数浓度的影响要比风速的影响大.随着RH的增加,气溶胶数浓度谱由双峰型分布转变为单峰型分布,表面积浓度谱由单峰型分布转变为三峰型分布.     

青岛近海生物气溶胶中总微生物的分布特征

为了解生物气溶胶中总微生物浓度的月季分布和粒径分布特征,于2016年9月～2017年7月期间在青岛近海连续采集了大气生物气溶胶分级样品,并利用DAPI染色-荧光显微镜计数方法测定了生物气溶胶中总微生物浓度.结果表明,采样期间青岛近海生物气溶胶中总微生物浓度范围为1. 86×10~5～2. 54×10~6cells·m~(-3),平均值为(6. 84±4. 83)×10~5cells·m~(-3).大气中总微生物浓度的季节变化为春季和冬季较高,夏季较低,秋季最低,统计分析显示秋季和春季、夏季大气中总微生物浓度具有明显的季节变化差异(P 0. 05).生物气溶胶中总微生物月均浓度在2. 65×10~5～1. 12×10~6cells·m~(-3)之间,最高值出现在2017年2月,最低值出现在2016年9月. 2015～2017年青岛秋冬季大气中总微生物浓度一日中变化较大,但并未呈现出明显的日变化规律(P 0. 05).生物气溶胶中总微生物的粒径分布呈现偏态分布, 7. 0μm粒径所占比例最高,可达20. 5%～27. 3%;粒径分布随月份不同而有变化,呈现双峰分布和偏态分布两类.相关性分析显示,总微生物浓度与AQI、CO、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)等因子呈显著正相关(P 0. 05),与温度、风速和风向等气象因素以及NO_2、SO_2和O_3等因子无显著相关(P 0. 05).多元线性回归模拟结果显示,生物气溶胶总微生物浓度中20. 6%的变化与相对湿度和PM_(2.5)相关.     

Aerosol concentration and particle size distributions in underground excavations of a hard coal mine

Deposition of aerosols in the respiratory system depends inter alia on their size and the respiratory tract deposition is appreciable for nanometer-sized particles. This article presents the results of measurements of size distributions of aerosols in the range of several nanometers up to about 20?μm in the underground mine excavations of an active hard coal mine. The study included practically all particles of a respirable fraction. The results showed that a high concentration of fine and ultrafine aerosols occurs in key underground workplaces especially during mining machine operations, although their contribution to total mass concentration is usually negligible.     

Multiple paternity and individual variation in sperm precedence in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum

Intraspecific variation in the proportion of offspring sired by the second mate with a female (P₂) is an aspect of sperm competition that has received little attention. I examined the effects of delay between copulations (range 9–380 days) and size of sperm donor on sperm precedence in double-mated individuals of the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum. Using shell colour as a genetic marker, paternity was analysed in 132 broods produced by 35 snails that had mated with two partners of different genotype. Sperm precedence (P₂) was influenced by the time between the two matings when the mating delay exceeded 70 days (one reproductive season). P2 averaged 0.34 in the first brood of snails that mated twice within 70 days indicating first mate sperm precedence. In contrast, P₂ averaged 0.76 in broods of snails that remated in the following season, indicating a decreased viability of sperm from the first mate. The size of sperm-donating individuals had no effect on the fertilization success of their sperm in the first brood produced after the second copulation. Analysis of long-term sperm utilization in 23 snails that laid three to nine egg batches over 2 years revealed striking differences among individuals. Five snails (21.7%) exhibited first-mate sperm precedence throughout, eight snails (34.8%) showed second-mate sperm precedence throughout, whereas ten snails (43.5%) exhibited sperm mixing in successive batches. It is suggested that the individual variation in sperm precedence in A. arbustorum may partly be due to differences in the amount of sperm transferred. Paternity analysis in 34 batches laid by 19 wild-caught individuals of A. arbustorum indicated that at least 12 snails (63.2%) used sperm from two or more mates for the fertilization of their eggs. This suggests a high incidence of multiple paternity in broods of A. arbustorum under field conditions.     

The response of an insect parasitoid,Ormia ochracea (Tachinidae), to the uncertainty of larval success during infestation

Ormia ochracea is a parasitoid fly which lays its larvae on its hosts, the field crickets Gryllus integer and Gryllus rubens, in two distinct modes: (1) directly on the host and (2) around the host. In the field, 12.7% of male crickets were parasitized and 3.2% were super-parasitized. Despite the disadvantages of parasitizing infested hosts, there was no evidence that O. ochracea avoided superparasitism. This and other experiments suggest that the host assessment ability of O. ochracea is less than that reported for many hymenopteran parasitoids. by manipulating the number of larvae in each cricket, we determined that four to five larvae per host resulted in the largest number of adult flies. However, as larval number per host increased from one to six, pupal size, and hence adult size, declined. In the field, hosts were found with a mean of 1.7 ± 1.0 (SD) larvae per cricket, suggesting that there may be some selection pressure against larger clutch sizes. Nevertheless clutch sizes larger than the host can support were sometimes found in the field. During the first mode of larviposition, gravid flies deposited no more than three larvae directly onto the host. Larvae deposited directly on the host had a high probability of infesting it. During the second mode of larviposition, gravid flies laid a larger number of larvae around the host (6.1 ± 5.2). Larvae that were laid around the host were less likely to infest a cricket than were larvae that were deposited directly onto it. O. ochracea is unique in that its two different modes of larviposition have different probabilities of larval success. Even though the success rate for larvae laid during the second mode of larviposition was low, the possibility of parasitizing more hosts appears to have selected for flies laying more larvae (e.g. increasing clutch size) than is optimal if all the larvae successfully entered a single host.