颗粒计数仪在水处理絮凝过程中的应用研究

以水中高岭土颗粒和腐殖酸有机物为去除对象,首次采用颗粒计数仪对铝盐絮体的动态絮凝变化过程进行了在线监测和分析。通过改变水力条件和投药量,分析了硫酸铝和聚合氯化铝(PAC)絮凝剂絮凝过程中各阶段的絮体颗粒粒径分布情况,在此基础上分析并确定絮凝反应的最佳条件。通过实验表明:颗粒计数仪能够较好地表现出絮凝过程的粒径分布变化,同时得出颗粒总数变化与絮凝效果的相关性很好,可以灵敏地表征絮凝效果的好坏,因而可以用来优化絮凝剂的投加量,提高出水水质和降低出水成本。可以预期,颗粒计数器在未来水处理中一定会得到广泛的应用。     

Effects of maternal diet and host quality on oviposition patterns and offspring performance in a seed beetle (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

In seed beetles, oviposition decisions may influence the offspring phenotype because eggs constitute the initial resources available for larval development. We tested the effects of host quality variations (small vs. large seeds of the host plant Calystegia sepium, Convolvulaceae) on oviposition patterns and offspring performance of the seed beetle Megacerus eulophus. We also manipulated the maternal diet: high diet quality vs. low diet quality to evaluate possible interactive effects of the maternal nutritional environment and host quality on oviposition patterns. We further assessed the consequences of egg size variation in offspring size. Female M. eulophus fed with high-quality diet (H-diet) laid more eggs and lived longer than females fed with low-quality diet (P-diet). Fecundity decreased under a low-quality host for both maternal diets. The occurrence of maternal environmental effects on egg size plasticity was detected. Under conditions of low-quality host, mothers fed with the high-quality diet produced bigger eggs in comparison with a high-quality host, whereas females fed with the low-quality diet produced smaller ones. Regardless of these differences observed in egg size depending on the maternal diet, progeny emerging from small seeds (low-quality host) showed a similar performance at emergence. Offspring traits were only significantly affected by host quality. Beetles emerging from large seeds had greater body weight and length than those reared on small seeds. Variations in oviposition patterns in response to host quality are discussed.     

DEM格网尺度对AnnAGNPS预测山地小流域径流和物质输出的影响

为了解流域地形空间参数和其它参数的精度对农业非点源污染模型AnnAGNPS预测准确性的影响,利用三峡库区黑河小流域观测资料校准了AnnAGNPS模型,分析了1.5-12.5m格网尺度DEM对地形参数和模型负载输出的影响.结果表明,1.5～12.5m格网尺度DEM对流域径流量、洪峰流量、总N输出影响不显著,但对泥沙、总P、有机碳输出影响显著.三峡库区类似小流域宜采用5m格网尺度DEM,AnnAGNPS模型较不适合于尺度较小、坡度较大的小流域泥沙负载预测.     

Impact of dynamic distribution of floc particles on flocculation e ect

Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) was used as coagulant and suspended particles in kaolin water. Online instruments including turbidimeter and particle counter were used to monitor the flocculation process. An evaluation model for demonstrating the impact on the flocculation effect was established based on the multiple linear regression analysis method. The parameter of the index weight of channels quantitatively described how the variation of floc particle population in different size ranges cause the decrement of turbidity. The study showed that the floc particles in different size ranges contributed differently to the decrease of turbidity and that the index weight of channel could excellently indicate the impact degree of floc particles dynamic distribution on flocculation effect. Therefore, the parameter may significantly benefit the development of coagulation and sedimentation techniques as well as the optimal coagulant selection.     

Effect of illumination intensity and light application time on secondary organic aerosol formation from the photooxidation of α-pinene

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from hydroxyl radical (OH.) initiated photooxidation of α-pinene was investigated in a home-made smog chamber. The size distribution of SOA particles was measured using aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometer. The effects of illumination intensity and light application time on SOA formation for α-pinene were evaluated. Experimental results show that the concentration of SOA particles increased significantly with an increasing of illumination intensity, and the light...     

采矿业污染河流底泥及河漫滩沉积物的粒径组成与砷形态分布特征

采用连续提取法分析了刁江底泥和河漫滩沉积物中砷的形态变化规律及其与沉积物粒径组成的关系.结果表明,刁江流域底泥和河漫滩沉积物中As含量分布存在差异,底泥中As主要赋存在63～170μm粒级颗粒中,河漫滩沉积物中As主要赋存在63μm粒级颗粒中.底泥和河漫滩沉积物中砷主要以铁合态、钙合态和残渣态的形式存在,且残渣态比例相对较高,表现出典型的尾砂污染特征.底泥中残渣态砷(Res-As)组成比例总体较高,主要赋存在63～170μm粒级颗粒中,而洪水水位河漫滩沉积物中Res-As组成比例相对较低,这与不同沉积物中硫化态砷的氧化反应差异有关.对于中下游河段,底泥和中水水位河漫滩沉积物中Res-As总体上呈逐渐降低的趋势,铁合态砷(Fe-As)组成比例的分布与Res-As呈相反的趋势.     

Variation in levels of reactive oxygen species is explained by maternal identity, sex and body-size-corrected clutch size in a lizard

Many organisms show differences between males and females in growth rate and crucial life history parameters, such as longevity. Considering this, we may expect levels of toxic metabolic by-products of the respiratory chain, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), to vary with age and sex. Here, we analyse ROS levels in female Australian painted dragon lizards (Ctenophorus pictus) and their offspring using fluorescent probes and flow cytometry. Basal level of four ROS species (singlet oxygen, peroxynitrite, superoxide and H₂O₂) measured with a combined marker, and superoxide measured specifically, varied significantly among families but not between the sexes. When blood cells from offspring were chemically encouraged to accelerate the electron transport chain by mitochondrial uncoupling, net superoxide levels were three times higher in daughters than sons (resulting in levels outside of the normal ROS range) and varied among mothers depending on offspring sex (significant interaction between maternal identity and offspring sex). In offspring, there were depressive effects on ROS of size-controlled relative clutch size, which relies directly on circulating levels of vitellogenin, a confirmed antioxidant in some species. Thus, levels of reactive oxygen species varies among females, offspring and in relation to reproductive investment in a manner that makes its regulatory processes likely targets of selection.     

Olfactory host finding, intermediate memory and its potential ecological adaptation in Nasonia vitripennis

Associative learning of host-associated chemical cues was studied in Nasonia vitripennis, a parasitoid of fly pupae in nests of hole-nesting birds. When females encountered a fly pupa and performed one sequence of host recognition behaviour including drilling the ovipositor into the host in the presence of the artificial odour furfurylheptanoate (FFH), they were afterwards arrested by FFH in olfactometer experiments. The response vanished after 4 days and could be blocked after 3 days by feeding wasps with ethacrynic acid prior and after the training. This indicates the formation of an intermediate form of memory by one host experience in N. vitripennis. Interestingly, the trained wasps avoided odours that were not present during the host encounter, although naive wasps did not react to these odours. This unique behaviour probably causes wasps to focus during host searching on those chemical cues they have experienced in the host environment. Studies in nests of hole-nesting birds revealed that about 30% of all nests contained only one fly pupa, and laboratory studies showed that N. vitripennis females are able to parasitise around 100 fly pupae in their life. It is discussed that under these conditions, the formation of a non-permanent intermediate memory for host-associated odours after one host encounter is adaptive to avoid costs involved with formation and maintenance of memory for misleading cues. The demonstration of associative olfactory learning in N. vitripennis, the first parasitoid species with sequenced genome, opens the gate to study molecular mechanisms of memory formation and its ecological adaptation in parasitoids.     

Impact of dynamic distribution of floc particles on flocculation effect

Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) was used as coagulant and suspended particles in kaolin water. Online instruments including turbidimeter and particle counter were used to monitor the flocculation process. An evaluation model for demonstrating the impact on the flocculation effect was established based on the multiple linear regression analysis method. The parameter of the index weight of channels quantitatively described how the variation of floc particle population in different size ranges cause the decrement of turbidity. The study showed that the floc particles in different size ranges contributed differently to the decrement of turbidity and that the index weight of channel could excellently indicate the impact degree of floc particles dynamic distribution on flocculation effect. Therefore, the parameter may significantly benefit the development of coagulation and sedimentation techniques as well as the optimal coagulant selection.     

Size distribution and di use pollution impacts of PAHs in street dust in urban streams in the Yangtze River Delta

Particles of dust washed o streets by stormwater are an important pathway of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into urban streams. This article presented a comprehensive assessment of the size distribution of PAHs in street dust particles, the potential risks of the particles in urban streams, and the sources and sinks of PAHs in the stream network. This assessment was based on measurements of 16 PAHs from the USEPA priority list in street dust particles and river sediments in Xincheng, China. The content of total PAHs ranged from 1629 to 8986 g/kg in street dust particles, where smaller particles have a higher concentrations. Approximately 55% of the total PAHs were associated with particles less than 250 m which accounted for 40% of the total mass of street dust. The PAH quantities increased from 2.41 to 46.86 g/m2 in the sequence of new residential, rising through main roads, old town residential, commercial and industrial areas. The sediments in stream reaches in town were found to be sinks for street dust particle PAHs. The research findings suggested that particle size, land use and the hydrological conditions in the stream network were the factors which most influenced the total loads of PAH in the receiving water bodies.