A comparative study of particle size distribution from two oxygenated fuels and diesel fuel

Oxygenated fuels are known to reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions from diesel engines. In this study, 100% soy methyl ester (SME) biodiesel fuel (B100) and a blend of 10% acetal denoted by A-diesel with diesel fuel were tested as oxygenated fuels. Particle size and number distributions from a diesel engine fueled with oxygenated fuels and base diesel fuel were measured using an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI). Measurements were made at ten steady-state operational modes of various loads at two engine speeds. It was found that the geometric mean diameters of particles from SME and Adiesel were lower than that from base diesel fuel. Compared to diesel fuel, SME emitted more ultra-fine particles at rated speed while emitting less ultra-fine particles at maximum speed. Ultra-fine particle number concentrations of A-diesel were much higher than those of base diesel fuel at most test modes.     

Meta-analysis of susceptibility of woody plants to loss of genetic diversity through habitat fragmentation

Shrubs and trees are assumed less likely to lose genetic variation in response to habitat fragmentation because they have certain life-history characteristics such as long lifespans and extensive pollen flow. To test this assumption, we conducted a meta-analysis with data on 97 woody plant species derived from 98 studies of habitat fragmentation. We measured the weighted response of four different measures of population-level genetic diversity to habitat fragmentation with Hedge's d and Spearman rank correlation. We tested whether the genetic response to habitat fragmentation was mediated by life-history traits (longevity, pollination mode, and seed dispersal vector) and study characteristics (genetic marker and plant material used). For both tests of effect size habitat fragmentation was associated with a substantial decrease in expected heterozygosity, number of alleles, and percentage of polymorphic loci, whereas the population inbreeding coefficient was not associated with these measures. The largest proportion of variation among effect sizes was explained by pollination mechanism and by the age of the tissue (progeny or adult) that was genotyped. Our primary finding was that wind-pollinated trees and shrubs appeared to be as likely to lose genetic variation as insect-pollinated species, indicating that severe habitat fragmentation may lead to pollen limitation and limited gene flow. In comparison with results of previous meta-analyses on mainly herbaceous species, we found trees and shrubs were as likely to have negative genetic responses to habitat fragmentation as herbaceous species. We also found that the genetic variation in offspring was generally less than that of adult trees, which is evidence of a genetic extinction debt and probably reflects the genetic diversity of the historical, less-fragmented landscape.     

走滑断层位移作用下X80天然气管道的管沟合理尺寸分析

活动断层是埋地长输管道安全运行面临的主要威胁,走滑断层是常见的1种断层形式,走滑断层错动下管道会产生较大的轴向应变而引发失效。采用松散颗粒状的松砂土进行管沟回填是穿越断层埋地管道主要的抗震措施之一。为得到经济有效、适用工程的管沟尺寸,基于非线性有限元方法建立了准确的考虑管沟回填的管道穿越走滑断层数值模型,使用壳单元和实体单元模型来模拟管道和土壤,采用面与面接触算法准确描述管土接触;通过参数化计算,分析了管沟的几何尺寸对管道应变的影响,并基于经济性原则给出了管沟尺寸的建议值。结果表明:管沟坡度是影响管道应变的主要因素,工程中建设管沟时建议其管沟坡度小于1,且管道尽量浅埋,对于管沟加宽裕量可不做特殊处理。研究结果可为埋地管道的抗震设计提供参考,为管道的安全运营提供保障。     

基于Weibull分布的煤体强度计算研究

以往矿山压力计算中多数使用煤体试件测试强度代替煤体强度进行计算,计算结果往往具有较大误差,针对此类问题,采用理论分析、实验室实验、数值模拟,数据拟合等手段研究了矿山工程中煤体强度的计算方法。结果表明:煤的强度具有一定的尺寸效应,测试试件边长越大,其强度越低;根据其尺寸特征,应用RFPA软件中的Weibull函数功能,模拟求解并拟合得出煤体强度与均质度和原煤强度之间的关系。定义了煤样标准强度为边长或直径为50 mm的煤试件强度,拟合得出煤样标准强度与原煤强度和煤体强度关系的表达式,可据此理论计算矿山工程中的煤体强度。     

连接结构尺寸对三通管冲蚀磨损影响的数值模拟

针对石油管道运输系统中三通管的冲蚀磨损问题,采用DPM冲蚀预测模型,模拟分析了油品中夹带的固体颗粒对连接结构尺寸不同的三通管的冲蚀磨损情况,得出了颗粒对三通管冲蚀的分布规律。结果表明:T型三通管的冲蚀主要集中在与竖直管道正对的水平管道底部及其附近的外侧管壁,有球体弯头的三通管的冲蚀主要集中在球体附近水平管道的外侧管壁,且冲蚀磨损程度相对较小;随着流体流入速度的增大,2种三通管的最大冲蚀率随之增大且呈指数增长;随着颗粒质量流量的增大,2种三通管的最大冲蚀率均随之增大;当流体在2种不同的三通管中流动时,管道系统的最大冲蚀率的曲线变化趋势基本一致,均为先减小再增大;当管道弯头处球体的直径为管道直径的2倍时,管道的冲蚀速率最小,颗粒对于管道的冲蚀磨损程度最轻。     

次毫米过滤组件分离高浓度污泥试验

采用自主研制的一种次毫米过滤组件,实现高浓度污泥的折衷分离,考察了ρ（污泥）（10～30 g/L）、组件孔径（0.10～1.00 mm）及压差（水头差:30 cm H₂O,90 cm H₂O）对次毫米过滤通量和平均通量的影响;利用多元线性回归模型和因素主次分析方法,探讨了三因素对平均通量的影响程度.结果表明:在不同的ρ（污泥）、组件孔径及压差条件下,过滤通量随时间均呈负指数形式衰减;三因素对平均通量的影响程度为ρ（污泥）>组件孔径>压差,ρ（污泥）与平均通量呈负相关,组件孔径、压差与平均通量呈正相关.同时,通过解析多元线性回归模型得到次毫米平均通量的表达式,为试验设计的优化提供了理论依据.      

洗涤法净化油烟污染物

模拟油烟废气由泥浆和活性污泥2种洗涤液分别进行洗涤试验研究.结果表明,洗涤液中泥浆和活性污泥的质量浓度愈高,其初始洗涤效率越高.在ρ(泥浆)和ρ(活性污泥)为1.2 g/L,烟气流量为2.8 m3>/sup>/h,油加热温度为160 ℃,洗涤液量为20 L条件下,运行15 d,泥浆的平均去除率为67.4%,油烟粒子粒径由0.2～75 μm变为0.2～42 μm,其液相油烟饱和浓度达95.77 mg/L;而活性污泥平均去除率为83.9%,油烟粒子粒径由0.2～75 μm变为0.2～5.5 μm,其液相油烟饱和浓度为50.00 mg/L.从活性污泥洗涤液中筛选出4株优势菌种,它们对油烟的降解效率大于60%,表明活性污泥洗涤液的洗涤效率明显高于泥浆,是由于活性污泥中微生物对油烟污染物具有显著降解作用.      

湿法脱硫用大流量低背压喷嘴开发

在石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔中,喷嘴性能直接影响到脱硫效率和运行成本。针对目前国产脱硫喷嘴能耗高的问题,基于质量及能量守恒方程,推导了螺旋喷嘴计算公式,并结合螺旋面设计方法开发出大流量低背压喷嘴。开发出的喷嘴运行压力小,可降低运行电耗;同时,可减少塔内布置的喷嘴数量,减少投资成本。     

市政工程施工地周边颗粒污染物扩散特征

为了解市政施工对周边大气环境的影响,通过测定TSP、PM10、PM2.5、PM1等指标,研究了施工工地附近颗粒污染物随天气条件、气象要素、距施工点距离的变化规律,结果表明：（1）粒径较大的颗粒物质量浓度受气象要素的影响较明显,大风和晴天的ρ（TSP）、ρ（PM10）远高于阴雨天;随风速增大,ρ（TSP）、ρ（PM10）、ρ（PM2.5）显著升高。（2）小粒径颗粒物（PM1）受天气条件的影响不明显,湿度、风速变化对PM1影响较小。（3）距离施工工地越远,4种颗粒物质量浓度越低,其中ρ（TSP）、ρ（PM10）、ρ（PM2.5）随距离下降较快。（4）不同施工阶段颗粒物污质量浓度异较大,挖槽阶段颗粒物污染要高于结构装修阶段。     

Group size, queuing and helping decisions in facultatively eusocial hover wasps

In facultatively eusocial hover wasps, some females leave their natal nests while others choose to stay and become helpers. We tested whether the decisions of 126 newly emerged females to stay or leave depended on group size: the number of females already resident on their natal nests. We predicted that females would be less likely to stay in larger groups, where the benefits of helping are probably smaller and there is a smaller chance of inheriting the dominant position. We also predicted that unrelated females would be less likely to join larger groups. We manipulated group size by removing residents from nests. Newly emerged females disappeared from their natal nests at a rate of 2.5% per day, but did not disappear from manipulated nests at higher rates than controls. Experimentally reducing group size also did not increase the frequency of joiners. Newly emerged females disappeared at twice the rate of older subordinate females, suggesting the existence of a `leaving window' early in life. One problem is the difficulty of distinguishing between leaving and death. Received: 7 July 1998 / Accepted after revision: 25 October 1998