The effect of helpers on artificially increased brood size in sociable weavers (Philetairus socius)

In cooperatively breeding birds, the presence of helpers is expected to increase the reproductive success of the breeding pair. However, some studies fail to find this effect. A positive effect of helpers may be restricted to cases in which a breeding pair has a poor likelihood of raising the entire brood on its own, as would be the case under stressful environmental conditions or with enlarged brood sizes. We conducted brood size manipulations in a cooperative breeder, the sociable weaver, Philetairus socius, to investigate the relationship between the difficulty of raising nestlings and the effort and impact of helpers. Overall, sociable weavers did not work harder to raise the enlarged broods. However, the presence of helpers significantly increased the feeding rates at enlarged nests, but not controls. This was insufficient to prevent generalised brood reduction in enlarged broods, whether attended by pairs alone or with helpers. Nonetheless, the presence of helpers was associated with decreased nestling mortality and an increase in the numbers of young fledged. Our results suggest that groups are better able to respond to the needs of enlarged broods than pairs alone and that the presence of helpers has a beneficial effect on overall reproductive success.Communicated by J. Dickinson     

影响弯曲件展开料尺寸计算的几个因素

实际工作中 ,常常会发现有的弯曲件经模具弯曲后的实际尺寸与预先计算的展开料尺寸有较大偏差。针对这一问题 ,从中性层弯曲半径的计算公式及中性层的位移、几种弯曲工艺方案的比较和不同弯曲模具结构的选择等方面 ,分析了造成这种偏差、影响弯曲件展开料尺寸计算准确性的几个因素     

华北山区大气气溶胶浓度及其尺度谱分布的研究

1980年3月,我们在北京北部山区,用光学粒子计数器观测了“干净”地区近地层大气气溶胶浓度与尺度谱分布。发现“有霾”大气气溶胶的浓度及其尺度谱分布的变化特征具有特殊性。计算表明,三参数谱模式的拟合效果较好。     

内蒙古西乌珠穆沁旗伏沙地土壤环境粒度特征分析

通过对西乌珠穆沁旗境内不同类型伏沙地的土壤剖面特征和土壤粒径的分析认为:伏沙地土壤具有两层结构,其平均粒径大于地带性土壤.腐殖质层从上至下的粒径变化是先减小后增大.由松散的沙物质组成的母质层能够提供充足的水分,促进了矿物质的循环,使伏沙地的养分输出加快,不利于积累.良好的通气状况便有机物质矿化速度加快,不利于腐殖质的积累.     

中昆仑山形成时代与隆升幅度——基于夷平面与磷灰石裂变径迹研究

青藏高原北缘蚕眉山地区为主夷平面残留区(属高原腹地),有关火山岩年龄揭示夷平面于13 Ma前已基本形成,并于3.7Ma前解体。在中昆仑山前山和后山分别获得(4.2±0.8)Ma和(3.9±0.6)Ma的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄。夷平面解体年代和磷灰石裂变径迹年龄指示一次明显的构造抬升,并与青藏运动A幕相对应。进一步的地貌-沉积分析表明,昆仑山北面山前盆地上新世—早更新世沉积的厚度巨大的西域组砾岩主要来源于昆仑山的剥蚀作用,证明昆仑山4 Ma左右开始即相对南面高原腹地大幅隆起。根据磷灰石裂变径迹年龄,推算昆仑山区已剥蚀掉的古夷平面(虚拟面)对应现代海拔高度约为8 200 m,而现代高原腹地夷平面残留实体海拔为5 200 m左右,据此计算出昆仑山4 Ma以来较高原腹地(蚕眉山地区)相对抬升了约3 000 m。     

立窑小水泥厂适用除尘方法的研究

为了提供立窑小水泥厂的适用除尘方法，作者对几个小水泥厂系统地测定了主要工序排出粉尘的粒径分级组成和相应的粉尘浓度、烟气温度和含湿量等参数；测定了重力沉降室、旋风除尘器、冲击水浴除尘器、冲击———喷雾除尘器的粒径分级除尘效率。在此基础上，将污染源和除尘器进行匹配，对各工序所宜采取的除尘方案进行科学论证，提出的方案更为切合实际。     

Characterization of soil organic matter content of two sample size populations along a climatic transect

Soil organic matter (SOM) content was determined in two populations of soil samples that were taken from 0–2 soil depth. One population represented soil samples that were takenfrom a square of 25 cm² in size (small-S population) and the other population represented soil samples that were taken from a square of 2500 cm² in size (large-L population). Thesamples were collected on hillslopes in different climatic regions: Mediterranean (GIV), semi-arid (MAL), mildly-arid (MIS) and arid (KAL). The results of both S and L populationsshowed decreasing SOM mean and variance from the Mediterranean site to the arid site. Statistical and spatial characteristics of each population were compared between the climatic regions. In addition, comparison between the two populations was made foreach site. The difference in sample size did not significantly affect the mean values of SOM of the two populations in sitesGIV, MAL and KAL, but did affect the mean at site MIS. At all study sites, except for site MAL, the variance increased with decreasing sample size. At sites GIV and KAL the coefficient ofvariation of S population was higher (more than 1.5 times) thanthat of L population, whereas at sites MAL and MIS, the differences were negligible. The relationships between the valuesof S and L samples at the individual sampling points defined thebackground of the study sites, which reflects the effect of vegetation (type), grazing, biological crust and soil properties.It was found that at the extreme sites GIV and KAL the backgroundwas characterized by relatively low SOM content with small areas of high organic matter content. At site MIS the background wascharacterized by relatively high SOM with small areas of low organic matter content. At site MAL the background was not dominated by high values of SOM nor by low ones. The spatial pattern of L population became more simple with increasing aridity. At the relatively wet sites the spatial pattern did notdepend on the sample size while in the more arid sites it was sample size dependent. It was indicated that the spatial structure of SOM at the semi-arid and mildly arid sites is anisotropic whereas at the Mediterranean and arid sites it is isotropic.     

X-荧光光谱法在土壤调查中的应用

采用硼酸镶边、垫底压制土壤粉末样品,用X-荧光光谱仪分析其中铜、铅、铬、锌、镍等元素浓度。主要讨论了样品粒度对分析元素测定结果的影响。分析了标准样品及实际样品,其结果与标准值及化学法、原子吸收法测定结果相吻合。用土壤标准物质作精密度试验,统计结果表明,各组分RSD均小于3.74%。     

Characterisation of particulate matter emissions from the Zimbabwe Mining and Smelting Company (ZIMASCO) Kwekwe Division (Zimbabwe): a ferrochrome smelter

Particulate matter emissions from stack number 2 of a majorferrochrome smelter, Zimbabwe Mining and Smelting Company(ZIMASCO) were characterized and the rates at which the elementsCr, Fe, Cu and Zn and total ferrochrome dust are emitted into theatmosphere were determined. The extent of soil contamination bythe dust deposited around the smelter in the generally prevailingsoutheasterly wind direction around the smelter was carried out.The highest concentrations of Cr and Fe occurred in the fineparticulates of sizes less than 59 m whilst that of Cu and Znoccurred in the coarse particulates of size range 70-100 m.The emission rates from stack 2 were; total ferrochromeparticulates 62.17 kg h^-1, Cr 6.217 kg h^-1, Fe 2.423 kg h^-1, Zn42 mg h^-1 and 6 mg h^-1 for Cu. Particulate matter was emitted at arate of 289 mg m^-3 from stack number 2. This value exceeds thelegal limit of 200 mg m^-3. Chromium and iron are the metalsin the largest amounts. The particles that constitute the largestproportion of the dust were in the range of 58-107.5 m. Thisis a characteristic feature of the particulate matter emissionsfrom ZIMASCO. Soils in the downwind direction from the smelterwere polluted with Cr up to a distance of about 700 m outward fromthe perimeter of the boundary of the smelter.     

典型抗生素在多孔介质中迁移特性的对比研究

为系统探究抗生素在饱和多孔介质中的迁移行为,选取两类典型抗生素—磺胺类（Sulfonamides, SAs）和氟喹诺酮类抗生素（Fluoroquinolones, FQs）,通过室内砂柱迁移实验,重点对比研究了水化学条件及介质粒径对两类抗生素迁移的影响.结果表明,不同种类抗生素在饱和石英砂多孔介质中的迁移特性不同.在实验pH（5.6~9.5）条件下,低解离常数使得SAs多以带负电形态出现,因静电斥力导致SAs在石英砂介质中具有强迁移能力,流出液中SAs回收率>97%;pH、离子强度（NaCl、CaCl₂）及介质粒径对抗生素的迁移无显著影响.FQs多呈阳离子形态及两性形态,受静电引力控制,FQs迁移能力相对较弱,但移动性随溶液pH升高而增大,NaCl和介质粒径对FQs迁移影响不显著,竞争吸附导致高浓度CaCl₂促进FQs迁移能力.本研究结果阐明了SAs和FQs在多孔介质中不同水化学条件（pH、NaCl及CaCl₂离子强度）下及不同介质粒径中的迁移过程,可为抗生素环境风险的预测和评估及污染修复提供指导.